essential vocabulary Flashcards
what is meant by absolute poverty
people with insufficient incomes that fail to obtain the minimum needs to survive
what is meant by relevant poverty
people not being able to meet the general standard of living of most other people in society
what is meant by achieved status
social positions that are earned on the basis of personal talents
what is meant by ascribed status
social positions hat are fixed at birth and do not change over time
what is the cycle of deprivation
idea that deprivation and poverty are passed on from parents to their children
what are life chances
individuals chances of achieving positive or negative outcomes as they progress through life
these are related to education, housing, employment and health
what is authority
exercise of power based on consent of agreement
what is power
dominance and control of one individual or group of others
what is embourgeoisement
a hypothesis suggesting that working class families are becoming middle class in their norms and values as their incomes and standards of living improves
what is meant by the poverty trap and give an example
if an increase in income reduces benefits a person is entitled to.
for an example an employed person receiving means tested benefits could be worse off after a wage rise if they now earn to much for benefits
what is vertical social mobility
movement up or down between the layers or strata of society
what is inter generational social mobility
movement up or down between the layers as measured between generations of a family
what is intra generational social mobility
movement of an individual over the course of their life up or down from one occupational classification to another
what is affluence
having a lot of money and material possessions
what is meant by social stratification
the way society is structured into hierarchal layers
the most privileged at the top and least favored at the bottom.
social class is an example of this system
what is bureaucracy
an organisation such as the government that operates as hierarchy with clear set of rules.
what is relative income standard of poverty
measure of poverty based on how much income a household has compared to others.
they can be put in rank order and you can identify 10%of the ones with lowest income
what is class dealignment
weakening of the links between social class and voting behaviour
what is a classless society
society where there is no private ownership of property and so no clear social classes
what is environmental poverty
way of measuring deprivation in terms of conditions such as inadequate housing or lack of garden and air pollution
what is the welfare state
a system which the state takes responsibility for protecting the health and welfare of its citizens and meeting their social needs
they do this by providing services such as NHS and benefits
what is pluralism
an approach in which argues that a range of opinions, views and interests exist in society an no one group dominates the political process
what is instrumentalism
an approach to something such as paid work where it is a means to an end (wages providing a comfortable lifestyle) rather than an end itself (job satisfaction)
