essential vocabulary

Question 1

what is meant by absolute poverty

Answer 1

people with insufficient incomes that fail to obtain the minimum needs to survive

Question 2

what is meant by relevant poverty

Answer 2

people not being able to meet the general standard of living of most other people in society

Question 3

what is meant by achieved status

Answer 3

social positions that are earned on the basis of personal talents

Question 4

what is meant by ascribed status

Answer 4

social positions hat are fixed at birth and do not change over time

Question 5

what is the cycle of deprivation

Answer 5

idea that deprivation and poverty are passed on from parents to their children

Question 6

what are life chances

Answer 6

individuals chances of achieving positive or negative outcomes as they progress through life
these are related to education, housing, employment and health

Question 7

what is authority

Answer 7

exercise of power based on consent of agreement

Question 8

what is power

Answer 8

dominance and control of one individual or group of others

Question 9

what is embourgeoisement

Answer 9

a hypothesis suggesting that working class families are becoming middle class in their norms and values as their incomes and standards of living improves

Question 10

what is meant by the poverty trap and give an example

Answer 10

if an increase in income reduces benefits a person is entitled to.
for an example an employed person receiving means tested benefits could be worse off after a wage rise if they now earn to much for benefits

Question 11

what is vertical social mobility

Answer 11

movement up or down between the layers or strata of society

Question 12

what is inter generational social mobility

Answer 12

movement up or down between the layers as measured between generations of a family

Question 13

what is intra generational social mobility

Answer 13

movement of an individual over the course of their life up or down from one occupational classification to another

Question 14

what is affluence

Answer 14

having a lot of money and material possessions

Question 15

what is meant by social stratification

Answer 15

the way society is structured into hierarchal layers
the most privileged at the top and least favored at the bottom.
social class is an example of this system

Question 16

what is bureaucracy

Answer 16

an organisation such as the government that operates as hierarchy with clear set of rules.

Question 17

what is relative income standard of poverty

Answer 17

measure of poverty based on how much income a household has compared to others.
they can be put in rank order and you can identify 10%of the ones with lowest income

Question 18

what is class dealignment

Answer 18

weakening of the links between social class and voting behaviour

Question 19

what is a classless society

Answer 19

society where there is no private ownership of property and so no clear social classes

Question 20

what is environmental poverty

Answer 20

way of measuring deprivation in terms of conditions such as inadequate housing or lack of garden and air pollution

Question 21

what is the welfare state

Answer 21

a system which the state takes responsibility for protecting the health and welfare of its citizens and meeting their social needs
they do this by providing services such as NHS and benefits

Question 22

what is pluralism

Answer 22

an approach in which argues that a range of opinions, views and interests exist in society an no one group dominates the political process

Question 23

what is instrumentalism

Answer 23

an approach to something such as paid work where it is a means to an end (wages providing a comfortable lifestyle) rather than an end itself (job satisfaction)