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MOD 1 > Essential micro-organisms > Flashcards

Essential micro-organisms Flashcards

1
Q

How does Staphylococcus aureus look under a microscope?

A

gram-positive cocci in groups

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2
Q

Wat infections does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

A

Wound infection, boils, (bullous) impetigo, other skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), sepsis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis

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3
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Staphylococcus aureus infection?

A

skin infections, fever, heart murmur (when endocarditis) and toxic shock syndrome

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4
Q

What virulence factors does Staphylococcus aureus have?

A
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Adhesion proteins
  • Catalase (+), coagulase (+)
  • Toxins (superantigen, exfoliative toxin)
  • Biofilm formation

surface-binding proteins in early stages of infection

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5
Q

What host defense disorders give risk of Staphylococcus aureus infection?

A

impaired barrier function
granulocytopenia

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6
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Staphylococcus aureus?

A
  • gram stain
  • catalase (+) and coagulase (+)
  • cultures needed for deep infections
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7
Q

How is Staphylococcus aureus infection treated?

A
  • superficial lesions resolve spontaneously
  • oxacillin
  • cephalosporins
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8
Q

How does Staphylococcus epidermidis look?

A

gram-positive cocci in groups

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9
Q

What infections does Staphylococcus epidermidis give?

A

infection of intravascular catheters and implanted protheses

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10
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Staphylococcus epidermidis infection?

A

Hospital-associated infection

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11
Q

What virulence factors does Staphylococcus epidermidis have?

A
  • adhesion proteins
  • biofilm formation
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12
Q

What host defense disorders give risk of Staphylococcus epidermidis infection?

A

impaired barrier function
granulocytopenia

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13
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Staphylococcus epidermidis?

A
  • gram stain
  • catalase (+) and coagulase (-)
  • blood culture
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14
Q

What is the treatment for Staphylococcus epidermidis infection?

A

Vancomycin

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15
Q

How does Streptococcus pyogenes look?

A

gram positive cocci in chains

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16
Q

What infections does Streptococcus pyogenes give?

A

tonsilitis, scarlet fever, otitis media, erysipelas

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17
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Streptococcus pyogenes infection?

A
  • Sore throat (acute inflammation), fever, malaise
  • Overlaps with viral pharyngitis
  • Toxic shock syndrome
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18
Q

What virulence factors does Streptococcus pyogenes have?

A
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Fimbriae (pili) - adhesion
  • Adhesion proteins (M protein)
  • Toxins (streptolysin, superantigen (TSS)
  • Enzymes
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19
Q

What host defense disorders give Streptococcus pyogenes infection risk?

A

impaired barrier function
granulocytopenia

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20
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Streptococcus pyogenes?

A
  • Gram stain
  • Catalase (-)
  • Throat culture
  • Blood culture (when systemic disease)
  • Serology
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21
Q

What is the treatment for Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

penecillin G
- in case of allergy macrolide or clindamycin

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22
Q

How does Streptococcus pneumoniae look?

A

gram-positive diplococci

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23
Q

What infections does Streptococcus pneumoniae give?

A

pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis

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24
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection?

A

fever, chills, cough, dysnpeu, pleuritic chest pain

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25
Q

What virulence factors does Streptococcus pneumoniae have?

A
  • capsule
  • enzymes destructing tissue
  • peptidoglycan

aspiration of colonizing bacteria starts disease

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26
Q

What host defense disorders give risk of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections?

A

impaired barrier function (cilia), spleen disorder, hypogammaglobulinemia

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27
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

gram stain, blood culture, antigen testing

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28
Q

What is the treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae infection?

A

penicillin g
- altered transpeptidases decrease penicillin susceptibility

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29
Q

How does Haemophilus influenzae look?

A

gram-negative rods

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30
Q

What infections does Haemophilus influenzae give?

A

bronchitis, acute epiglottis, meningitis, arthritis

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31
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Haemophilus influenzae infection?

A

malaise, fever, sore throat, swelling in neck/stridor

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32
Q

What virulence factors does Haemophilus influenzae have?

A
  • capsule
  • pili
  • adhesion proteins
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33
Q

What host defense disorders give Haemophilus influenzae infection risk?

A

hypogammaglobulinemia, spleen disorder, complement deficiency

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34
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Haemophilus influenzae?

A

gram stain, sputum/blood culture

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35
Q

What is the treatment for Haemophilus influenzae infection?

A
  • 3rd generation cephalosporin
  • amoxicillin
36
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

fever, coughing, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptoe, lymphadenitis

37
Q

How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause disease?

A

Inhaled droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli are deposited in the peripheral respiratory alveoli, then infection of macrophages.
Granulomatous inflammation.

38
Q

What host defense disorders give Mycobacterium tuberculosis risk?

A

impaired cellular immunity

39
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen staining, PCR, interferon gamma release assay, tuberculin skin test

40
Q

How does Neisseria menigitidis look?

A

gram-negative diplococci

41
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Neisseria menigitidis?

A

gives meningitis (duh)

  • fever, headache nuchal rigidity
  • petechiae
  • septic shock
42
Q

How does Neisseria menigitidis cause disease?

A

Spread from the nasopharynx to produce bacteremia, endotoxemia and meningitis takes place too quickly for immunity to develop.

43
Q

What virulence factors does Neisseria menigitidis have?

A
  • capsule
  • pili
  • LPS
44
Q

What host defense disorders give Neisseria menigitidis risk?

A

complement deficiency, hypogammaglobulinemia, spleen disorder

45
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Neisseria menigitidis?

A

gram stain, blood culture, CSF culture

46
Q

What is the treatment for Neisseria menigitidis infection?

A

penecillin

47
Q

How does Neisseria gonorrhoea look?

A

gram-negative diplococci

48
Q

What infections does Neisseria gonorrhoea give?

A

gonorrhoea, urthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease

49
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Neisseria gonorrhoea infection?

A
  • urethral/vaginal/rectal and/or pharyngeal infections
  • skin rash
  • arthritis
50
Q

What virulence factors does Neisseria gonorrhoea have?

A
  • pili
  • adherence proteins
  • LPS
  • antigenic variation
51
Q

What host defense disorders give risk of Neisseria gonorrhoea?

A

complement deficiency

52
Q

What diagnostics tests are used for Neisseria gonorrhoea?

A

PCR on urethral scraping/ cervical swab

53
Q

What is the treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoea infection?

A
  • ceftriaxone
  • macrolide/doxycycline
54
Q

How does Escherichia coli look?

A

gram-negative rods

55
Q

What infections does Escherichia coli give?

A
  • urinary tract infections (cystitis, pyelonephritis)
  • intestinal infections/ peritonitis
56
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Escherichia coli infection?

A
  • dysuria/oliguria
  • flank pain
  • abdominal symptoms (pain, diarrhea)
57
Q

How does Escherichia coli cause disease?

A

Minor lesions can allow bacteria colonizing the peri-urethral area to ascend to the urinary bladder

58
Q

What virulence factors does E. coli have?

A
  • pili / adhesion factors
  • LPS
  • toxins: hemolysin, shiga toxin
59
Q

What host defense disorders give risk of E. coli infection?

A

impaired barrier function (catheter), granulocytopenia

60
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for E. coli?

A

gram stain, urine culture, blood culture

61
Q

What is the treatment for E. coli infection?

A

depends on clinical presentation

62
Q

How does Salmonella enterica look?

A

gram-negative rods

63
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Salmonella enterica infection?

A

gives gastroenteritis

  • naussea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
64
Q

How does Salmonella enterica cause disease?

A

Ingestion of bacteria; these pass the stomach and end up in the small bowel.

65
Q

What virulence factors does Salmonella enterica have?

A

pili and endocytosis induced by m.o.

66
Q

What diagnostic tests can be used for Salmonella enterica?

A

feces sample

67
Q

What is the treatment for Salmonella enterica infection?

A
  • no antibiotic treatment
  • fluid and electrolyte replacement
68
Q

How does Salmonella typhi look?

A

gram-negative rods

69
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Salmonella typhi infection?

A

causes typhoid fever
- fever, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea

70
Q

What virulence factors does Salmonella typhi have?

A
  • capsule (Vi polysachharide)
  • LPS
  • intracellular survival
  • prevention of lysozyme fusion
71
Q

What host defense disorders give Salmonella typhi risk?

A

lack of gastric acid, impaired T cell immunity

72
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Salmonella typhi?

A

blood culture, feces PCR

73
Q

What is the treatment for Salmonella typhi infection?

A
  • Fluid and electrolyte replacement
  • Cephalosporins
  • Ciprofloxacin (rising resistance)
74
Q

How does Vibrio cholerae look?

A

gram-negative curved rods

75
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Vibrio cholerae?

A

gives cholera
- extreme watery diarrhea causes fluid loss
- dehydration and electrolyte imbalance -> hypotension

76
Q

What virulence factors does Vibrio cholerae have?

A
  • Toxin (cholera enterotoxin) -> loss of water and potassium into the lumen
  • Pili
  • LPS
77
Q

What host defense disorders give higher Vibrio cholerae risk?

A

lack of gastric acid

78
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Vibrio cholerae?

A

stool culture

79
Q

What is the treatment for Vibrio cholerae infection?

A
  • fluid and electrolyte replacement
  • macrolides/doxycycline
80
Q

How does Campylobacter jejuni look?

A

gram-negative curved rods

81
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Campylobacter jejuni infection?

A

gives gastroenteritis
- abdominaal pain and fever, bloody diarrhea

82
Q

How does Campylobacter jejuni cause disease?

A

Infection is established by oral ingestion (undercooked meat/chicken), followed by colonization of the intestinal mucosa

83
Q

What virulence factors does Campylobacter jejuni have?

A
  • flagella for adherence
  • LPS
84
Q

What host defense disorders give Campylobacter jejuni risk?

A

hypogammaglobulinemia

85
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Campylobacter jejuni?

A

stool culture

86
Q

What is the treatment for Campylobacter jejuni infection?

A
  • not treated unless severe
  • macrolide

MOD 1 (1 decks)

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