Essential Dictionary of Music: Handpicked Terms Flashcards
A grace note which is played simultaneously with the principal note and immediately released.
Acciaccatura
A tempo slightly faster than adagio.
Adagietto
A slow tempo which is faster than largo and slower than andante.
Adagio
A triad including the sixth note above the root. For example C, E, G, A.
Added sixth
With grief (It.)
Addolorato
A mode that corresponds to the half and whole step patterns created when playing A to A on the white keys of the piano. Same as natural minor scale
Aeolian
With tender emotion (It.)
Affetuoso
Sad, melancholy (It.)
Afflitto
Hurrying (It.)
Affrettando
Lightly. (It.)
Algilmente
Agitated. (It.)
Agitato
The fifth part from the Ordinary of the Mass. literally means “Lamb of God.”
Agnus Dei
To emphasize a note by giving it a longer duration than normal.
Agogic Accent
A song, melody, or tune
Air
In the style of. (It.)
Al, alla, alle
To the coda (It.)
Al coda
When elements of a piece of music are determined by chance.
Aleatory Music
To the end (It.)
Al fine
A tempo indication where the half note received the beat rather than the quarter note. Also called cut time. (It.)
Alle breve
Becoming slower and broader (It.)
Allargando
A lively, quick tempo that is slightly slower than allegro. (It.)
Allegretto
Cheerful, quick or fast (It.)
Allegro
A German dance usually in duple meter, commonly found in a suite. Or a German dance in 3/4 time. (Fr.)
Allemande
Slowing (It.)
Allentando
Go to the sign (It.)
Al segno
The raising or lowering of a note with an accidental.
Alteration
A chord in which one or more notes have been raised or lowered chromatically.
Altered chord
The C clef usually used by viola, where the middle C is found on the third line of the staff.
Alto clef
Another (It.)
Altra
Tender, gentle (It.)
Amabile
Love (It.)
Amore
The volume of sound.
Amplitude
On the bridge (Ger.)
am Steg
Upbeat or pickup
Anacrusis
The study of form and structure in music
Analysis
A moderate, graceful tempo slower than allegretto and faster than adagio. (It.)
Andante
A tempo slightly faster or slower than andante. (It.)
Andantino
English (Fr.)
Anglaise
Spirited, animated. (It.)
Animoso/Animato
In a fugue, the second entry of a the subject which is at a different pitch than the first entry.
Answer
1: The first phrase of a musical period. 2: The theme or subject of a canon or fugue.
Antecedent
A Protestant choral composition, with religious text.
Anthem
One or more non-harmonic tones played before the chord in which it belongs.
Anticipation
A short chant sung before and after a psalm or canticle during the Roman Chatholic Mass
Antiphon
When separate groups or performers alternate or respond to each other.
Antiphonal
Passionately. (It.)
Appassionato
Emphasized. (It.)
Appoggiando
A non harmonic grace note that resolves stepwise to a harmonic note. (It.)
Appoggiatura
Bowed. To bow a stringed instrument. (It.)
Arcato
To bow a stringed instrument (It.)
Arco
Spirited, bolded (It.)
Ardito
A solo vocal piece usually associated with opera and oratorios (It.)
Aria
A comic aria (It.)
Aria buffa
Lyrically (It.)
Arioso
An adaption of a composition for a medium other than that which it was originally written
Arrangement
Literally “old art.” Used to indicate music of the 12th and 13th centuries, especially the music of Leonin and Perotin (Lat.)
Ars Antiqua
Literally “new art.” Used to indicate the music of the 14th century, especially the music of Machaut and Landini (Lat.)
Ars Nova
On stringed instruments, a harmonic played on a fingered or fretted string, rather than an open string.
Artificial harmonic
Very, extremely (It.)
assai
Enough, fairly (Fr.)
Assez
Return to the original tempo or speed (It.)
a tempo
Music without a tonal center or key.
atonal
Continue immediately to next section or movement without a break (It.)
attacca
The act of beginning a note or phrase
attack
The electronic representation of sound
audio
Soaring (Ger.)
Aufschwung
Elongating the duration of notes
augmentation
A major triad with the fifth raised a half step.
augmented triad
an interval raised by a half step
augmented interval
A chord that includes the interval of an augmented sixth, that resolves outward to an octave (Ex. French, Italian, and German ________)
Augmented Sixth Chord
A cadence that ends with the dominant (V) chord progressing to the tonic (I) chord.
Authentic cadence
A mode whose key note is the lowest note.
Authentic mode
Slang for a musical instrument
Axe
The smallest sized grand piano
Baby grand
A popular style of drumming where the second and fourth beats of a measure are emphasized
back beat
Short instrumental pieces
bagatelle
In the style of a dance (It.)
ballabile
1: A song that tells a story 2: A slow sentimental song 3: Originally a song accompanying dancing
Ballad
1: A dramatic instrumental composition 2: A medieval poetic French song
Ballade
A dance set to music that depicts a story (Fr.)
Ballet
Another word for measure
bar
Music in the style of songs sung by Venetian gondoliers, usually in 6/8 time. (Fr.)
Barcarolle
The male singing voice which is between the bass and tenor.
Baritone
The f clef on the third line of the staff
baritone clef
A vertical line that divides measures or bars
bar line
The historical period of music from 1600-1750
Baroque
A fretted instrument with four, five or six strings tuned an octave lower than the guitar.
Bass guitar
Comical bass voice in an opera. (It.)
Basso buffo
The low-pitched double-reed bass member of the oboe family which has a soft mellow tone.
Bassoon
A bass part of a composition that is repeated.
basso ostinato
The stick used by a conductor to lead an ensemble.
Baton
The horizontal line that connects groups of eight notes, sixteenth notes, thirty, second notes, etc. in place of flags.
beam
unit of measurement of rhythmic time
beat
A style of jazz that originated in the 1940’s, characterized by extended harmonies, improvisation, complex rhythms and fast tempos.
Bebop
Vocal style of great Italian singers of the 18th and early 19th centuries, characterized by flawless technique and beautiful tone. Literally means “beautiful singing.”
Bel canto
From the Mass, the conclusion of the Sanctus. Literally “blessed”
Benedictus
An Italian peasant’s dance from the 16th and 17th centuries, based on the harmonic progression of I-IV-V-I. (It.)
Bergamasca
A jazz band usually made of of groups of woodwind, brass, percussion and sometimes stringed instruments that played music fro dancing. They were most popular from the 1920’s through the 1940’s.
big band
A musical form where one section is followed by a contrasting section: AB
binary form
a soft tremolo effect on the harp. Literally means “whispering.”
bisbigliando
when two key centers (or tonalities) are used simultaneously
bitonality
A musical style from the American south characterized by quick tempos and elaborate vocals. It usually features fiddle, banjo, mandolin, guitar and bass
blue grass
The lowered third, seventh, and sometimes fifth degrees of a major scale that create the characteristic sound of the blues.
blue notes
a kind of American music derived from spirituals and work songs characterized by blue notes and a form that is usually 12 bars long.
blues
A keying system for woodwind instruments invented by Theobald Boehm that allows both ease of of playing and correct acoustical position of the holes.
Boehm system
A Spanish dance usually in 3/4 time
Bolero
Small Cuban drums where two drums of different sizes are joined together and played with the thumb and fingers of each hand.
Bongos
A jazz piano style popular in the United States during the 1920’s and 1930’s characterized by a steady rhythmic ostinato bass in the left hand
Boogie Woogie
The diameter of a woodwind or brass instrument.
Bore
A Brazilian dance popular in the late 1950’s and 1960’s
Bossa Nova
A bracket connecting two or more staves.
Brace
A 15th century dance usually in duple time. (Fr.)
Branle
An ensemble usually consisting of two trumpets, horn, trombone and tuba, or a composition for that ensemble.
Brass Quintet
An ensemble usually consisting of a trumpet, horn and trombone, or a composition for that ensemble.
Brass trio
Boldness, virtuosity. A piece requiring technical proficiency. (It.)
Bravura
Originally considered the shortest note value. Since the 16th century it is the longest note value, equaling two whole notes.
Breve
1: The change from the lower register to the higher register of a clarinet 2: The point a voice passes from the chest register to the head register. 3: In jazz, a solo section inserted into a vocal or instrumental piece.
break
A thin piece of wood on stringed instruments that holds the strings away from the belly of the instrument.
bridge
brilliant (It.)
Brillante
Brio (It.)
Vigor, spirit
Brisé (Fr.)
Arpeggiated Playing
Bruscamente (It.)
Brusquely, accented
Brushes
Soft wire brushes used in place of drumsticks to strike percussion instruments
Buffo, buffa (It.)
Comical
Bugle
- A valveless brass instrument that plays the notes of the overtone series. It commonly has a range similar to a B-flat trumpet and is used for military signaling
Burden
- The refrain of a song 2. The drone of a bagpipe
Burgundian School
The group of composers in the early 15th century who bridged the styles of the Ars Nova and the Flemish schools. Most notably the music of Guillame Dufay
Burlesque
- A musical farce 2. A comical stage show composed of various unrelated segments
BWV
Abbreviation for “Bach-Werke Verzeichnis.” The thematic catalogue of the works of J.S. Bach. BWV numbers are used in place of opus numbers when referring to J.S. Bach’s compositions.
Byzantine Chant
Christian church chants similar to Gregorian chant from the Byzantine Empire (330-1433 A.D.)
Cabaletta (It.)
- A short operatic song in popular style with uniform rhythm in both the vocal popular style with uniform rhythm in both the vocal and accompanimental parts 2. In late 19th-Century Italian opera, the final section of an elaborate aria that ends with a quick uniform rhythm.
Caccia (It.)
Chase or hunt. A two-part canon where the voices “chase” each other
Cacophony
A harsh dissonant sound. Dissonance
Cadence
The melodic or harmonic ending of a phrase, section, movement or complete composition.
Cadenza (It.)
A virtuosic solo section of a piece used to display the performer’s technique, either written by the composer or improvised by the performer.
Cadenzato (It.)
Rhythmical
Caesura (It.)
A symbol // indicating a sudden pause in the music
Caisse (Fr.)
A drum
Cakewalk
An American dance popular in the 1890’s with ragtime rhythms
calando (It.)
Gradually diminishing becoming softer and sometimes slower
calcando (It.)
Accelerating the tempo
calliope
a pipe organ that blows steam through the pipes, rather than air
calma, calmando, calmato (It.)
quieting, calming
calore (It.)
Passion, warmth
Calypso
A style of ballad from Trinidad that was popular in the United States during the late 1950’s and early 1960’s
cambiata (It.)
In counterpoint, a dissonant note followed by the interval of a third. Also called a change note.
camera (It.)
Music to be played outside of the church, as opposed to chiesa which is to be played in the church. Literally means “chamber”
camerata (It.)
Small schools of writers and musicians in the 16th century
camminando (It.)
Walking, flowing
campanelle (It.)
- Small bells 2. Glockenspiel
cancan (Fr.)
French dance in a fast 2/4 time, popular in the 19th century
canción (Sp.)
Spanish for song
canon
The strictest form of counterpoint where on melody begins, followed at a specific interval of time by the same melody note for note
cantabile (It.)
singing
cantare (It.)
to sing
cantata (It.)
A multi-movement vocal work for chorus and/or soloists with orchestral accompaniment that is performed without staging
canticle
A non-metrical hymn used in a church service
canto (It.)
- Melody, song 2. The instrument or voice with the melody
cantor (It.)
A solo singer who leads musical portions of religious services
cantus firmus (Lat.)
An existing melody that is used as the theme of a polyphonic piece. Literally means “fixed song”
canzonet (It.)
a short instrumental or vocal piece
capo (It.)
- The head or beginning of a piece 2. The nut of a stringed instrument 3. capotasto
capotasto (It.)
- A device placed around the fretboard or fingerboard of a stringed instrument that raises the pitch of the strings. 2. The nut of a stringed instrument
capriccio, caprice (It. and Fr.)
An instrumental piece in a free form
capriccioso (It.)
Capricious, lively, fanciful
carol
a joyous song of praise, usually sung at Christmas time
cassa (It.)
Drum
castanets
Two small concave pieces of wood or ivory which are struck together to create a clicking sound.
castrato (It.)
Adult male singers who were castrated as boys in order to keep the same vocal range as their bodies grew. When they had matured, they had the vocal range of a soprano or alto and the strength and lung capacity of a man. This practice stopped in the 19th century and their parts are now sung by sopranos, countertenors or transposed down to be sung by tenors or baritones.
catch
a humorous round or canon for three or more voices
cavatina (It.)
- Songlike instrumental piece 2. A short solo aria
C clef
a movable clef that indicates the placement of middle C on the staff.
cédez (Fr.)
slow down
celere (It.)
quick
celesta (It.)
A percussion instrument consisting of steel bars which are struck by hammers that are controlled by a keyboard
cent
“Hundredth.” A unit of measuring intervals in music. Each half-step is made up of a 100 cents
cha-cha
A Latin American dance with an insistent rhythm. Also called the cha-cha-cha
chaconne (Fr.)
- A continuous set of variations based on a repeating harmonic progression. It is very similar to a passacaglia 2. A sensual Mexican dance that was popular in Spain during the 16th century
chalumeau (Fr.)
- the lowest register of the clarinet 2. Thew 17th century name for an early oboe or clarinet 3. The chanter of a bagpipe.
chamber music
Music for a small ensemble where each part is played by only one performer and suitable for a small room.
chamber orchestra
a small orchestra
chance music
another word for aleotory music
changes
slang for chord progression
chanson (Fr.)
song
chant
unaccompanied monophonic sacred plainsong in free rhythm.
chanter
the pipe on the bagpipe where the melody is played
chanterelle (Fr.)
the highest string on a stringed instrument
chantey, shanty
a work song sung by sailors
character piece
a short instrumental composition that expresses a mood or story
Charleston
A fast American dance popular in the 1920’s
chart(s)
slang for a musical score and/or parts
chest voice
the lower register of a voice
chiesa (It.)
music to be played in the church as opposed to camera which is to be played outside the church. Literally means “church”
chimes
a set of tuned metal tubes which are struck by a hammer
chitarrone (It.)
the largest lute
chiusa (It.)
closed
choeur (Fr.)
choir, chorus
choir
a group of church singers, or singers of sacred music
choke
to quickly stop the vibration of a percussion instrument
chops
slang for musicians technique
choral, chorale
vocal music or a group of singers
chord
Three or more tones sounded simultaneously. Two tones are usually referred to as an interval or a dyad
chordophones
instruments whose sounds are created by means of strings stretched between two points.
chorister
a singer in a choir
chorus
- a group of singers not associated with a church. Singers of secular music 2. Music sung by such a group 3. The refrain or burden of a song
chromatic
- Notes foreign to a key or scale 2. A series of notes moving in half-steps
chromaticism
the use of chromatic chords and intervals
chromatic scale
a scale composed of all twelve half steps of an octave
church modes
scales originally used in medieval church music. These modes include the Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian and Ionian modes
cimbalom
A large Hungarian dulcimer
cinelli (It.)
cymbals
circle of fifths
The clockwise arrangement of successive keys arranged in order of ascending fifths
circular breathing
a breathing technique used by wind instrument players where air is inhaled through the nose at the same time air is expelled from the mouth. This technique allows for sound to be sustained for an indefinite length of time.
cither, cithern
an instrument similar to a lute or guitar that was used in the 16th and 17th centuries
clam
slang for a wrong note
clarinet
a group of single-reed woodwind instruments which are made of wood or plastic. The different types include E-flat, B-flat, A, E-flat alto, B-flat bass, E-flat contra-alto, and B-flat contrabass clarinet
classical
- the musical period from 1750-1820 where form and structure was stressed over expression. Composers of this period include Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven 2 Serious or art music as opposed to folk music
clausula
- cadence 2. compositions of the 12th and 13th centuries based on a short fragment of the Gregorian chant
claves
Cuban percussion instruments consisting of cylindrical wooden blocks that are struck together
clavichord
a rectangular keyboard instrument used from the 15th to 18th century whose strings, rather than being plucked like a harpsichord, are struck by a metal wedge called a tangent
clef
the symbol written at the beginning of a staff that indicates which notes are represented by which lines and spaces
cloches (Fr.)
bells, chimes
close harmony
When the tones of a chord are as close together as possible, usually written within an octave
clusters
Groups of notes a major or minor second apart that are played simultaneously.
coda (It.)
an ending section of a movement or piece
codetta (It.)
a short coda
col (It.)
with
col arco (It.)
with the bow
coll’, colla (It.)
with the
col legno (It.)
In string playing, playing with the wood (bow-stick) part of the bow.
coll’ottava (It.)
Play the written notes and those notes one octave higher
coll’ottava bassa (It.)
Play the written notes and those notes one octave lower.
coloratura (It.)
Fast, ornamented, virtuoso-like vocal music
combo
slang for a small group of musicians, usually less than six
come prima (It.)
as before
come sopra (It.)
As above
comic opera
an opera with comical elements and a happy ending
common chord
a major or minor triad
common time
4/4 meter. A C is also used to indicate it
common tone
a note that is the same in two consecutive chords
còmodo (It.)
Comfortable, leisurely
comp
In jazz, short for accompany. An improvised chordal accompaniment usually played by a pianist or guitarist
composer
a person who writes music
compound interval
an interval greater than an octave
compound meter
a time signature where each beat is divisible by three. (6/8, 9/4, 12/8)
compression
In electronic music and mixing, to reduce the extreme louds and softs of the dynamic range.
compressor
a device used for compression
con (It.)
with
concert
A public performance of music
concertante (It.)
A piece for two or more soloists with orchestral accompaniment
concert band
an ensemble consisting of woodwind, brass and percussion instruments
concert grand
the largest grand piano
concertina (It.)
A small instrument similar to an accordion but has a hexagonal shape and uses buttons rather than a keyboard