Essays and their Parts Flashcards
Tells a story by presenting events in an orderly, logical sequence
Narration
Tells readers about the physical characteristics of a person, place or thing
Description
You focus on the object itself rather than on your personal reactions to it.
Objective Description
Conveys your personal response to your subject.
Subjective Description
Uses particular cases, or examples, to illustrate or explain a general point or an abstract concept.
Exemplification
Explains how to do something or how something occurs
Process
The purpose of ___________ is to enable readers to perform a process.
Instructions
The purpose of a ____________ is not to enable readers to perform a process but rather to help them understand how it is carried out.
Process explanation
Analyzes why something happens
Cause and Effect
Another name for most important
Main cause
Another name for less important
Contributory cause
Closely precedes an effect and is therefore relatively easy to recognize
Immediate cause
Is less obvious, perhaps because it involves something in the past or far away
Remote cause
Where A causes B, B causes C, C causes D, and so on.
Casual Chain
How two or more things are similar or different
Compare and Contrast
You essentially write a separate section about each subject, and you discuss the same points for both subjects
Subject-by-Subject comparison (compare and contrast essay)
You make a point about one subject and then follow it with a comparable point about the other.
Point-by-point comparison (compare and constant)
Breaking the whole into parts
Division
Sorting individual items into categories
Classification
What a term means and how it differs from other terms in its class
Definition
Most people think definitions in terms of print or online dictionaries, which give brief, succinct explanations of what words mean. What type of definition is this?
Formal definition
Sometimes a definition requires a paragraph, an essay, or even a whole book. These longer, more complex definitions are called __________.
Extended definitions
Word with similar meanings
Synonyms
Telling what it is not
Negation
Identifying similarities between an unfamiliar term and something likely to be more familiar to readers.
Analogy
Listing its characteristics
Enumeration
The word’s derivation, original meaning, and usages.
Origin and development
A process of reasoning that asserts the soundness of a debatable position, belief, or a conclusion.
Argumentation
A general term that refers to how a writer influences an audience to adopt a belief or follow a course of action.
Persuasion
Appeals based on emotion
Pathos
Appeals based on logic
Logos
Appeals based on the character reputation of the writer.
Ethos
The appeal to reason (logos)
Argumentation
Facts and opinions in support of your position
Evidence
Statements that people generally agree are true and that can be verified independently.
Facts
Judgements or beliefs that are not substantiated by proof.
Opinions
Opinions of experts in a relevant field
Expert opinions
In the final analysis, what is important is not just the quality of the evidence but also the ___________ of the person offering it
Credibility
You enter into a cooperative relationship with opponents instead of aggressively refuting opposing arguments, you emphasize points of agreement and try to find common ground.
Rogerian argument
A method to move from evidence to a conclusion. Proceeds from a general premise or assumption to a specific conclusion.
Deductive reasoning
A method to move from evidence to a conclusion. Proceeds firm individual observations to a more general conclusion and uses no strict form.
Inductive reasoning
The basic form of a deductive argument
Syllogism
A syllogism consists of a ___________, which is a general statement
Major premise
More specific statement and part of a syllogism
Minor premise
Part of a syllogism. Drawn from the major and minor premise’s.
Conclusion
The crucial step from evidence to conclusion.
Inductive step
Another approach for structuring arguments. This method tries to describe how the argumentative strategies a writer uses lead readers to respond the way they do.
Toulmin logic
The main point of the essay
Claim
The material a writer uses to support the claim - can be evidence or appeals to the emotions of values of the audience.
Grounds
The inference that connects the claim to the grounds.
Warrant
