Essays

Question 1

16PF > 5-Factor

Answer 1

Oblique Rotation rather than orthogonal. This allows for factors to be correlated together.

Question 2

3 key questions on the 5-Factor Model.

Answer 2

Are the 5 traits right? What do they actually measure? and how can we make a model of personality?

Question 3

Allport & Odbert (1936)

Answer 3

Developed upon the work of Galton’s Lexical Hypothesis.

Question 4

Anastasi et al. (1999)

Answer 4

IQ tests have sufficient validity for clinical use.

Question 5

Baddeley (1986)

Answer 5

Intelligence should be measured by the ability to control/inhibit the various components of the Working Memory model.

Question 6

Cattel

Answer 6

16PF - Built by factor analysis of a dictionary. The five factor model seen as secondary factors to the main 16.

Question 7

Cattel-Horn

Answer 7

g(F) & g(C)

Question 8

Costa & McCrae (1992)

Answer 8

The Five-Factor Model, leading trait-approach model of human personality.

Question 9

Flynn Effect

Answer 9

IQ of a population increases over time.

Question 10

Galton (1884)

Answer 10

The Lexical Hypothesis. First attempt at categorising personality, and that personality traits can be inferred by the language used.

Question 11

Gardner

Answer 11

Multiple Intelligences (biopsychological potential to process information)

Question 12

Gottfredson (1997)

Answer 12

Intelligence is the ability to reason, solve problems, and process information and learn quickly.

Question 13

Hedges

Answer 13

Men over-represented in the IQ extremes, but little difference between gender.

Question 14

Intelligence: Knowns & Unknowns

Answer 14

IQ have high predictive validity in schools & occupations, even after controlling for statistical controls.

Question 15

Jang (1996)

Answer 15

Twin studies suggest heritability and environmental factors are equally important in character.

Question 16

Kpelle-Glick (1975)

Answer 16

Cultural influence in IQ tests. Knife -> Orange, Knife -> Fork.

Question 17

Mackintosh (2011)

Answer 17

IQ tests have high statistical reliability.

Question 18

McCrae & Costa

Answer 18

High generalisability of the Five Factor Model, accepted in 50 cultures.

Question 19

Nelser (1996)

Answer 19

Heritability of IQ in Adult Twins and Children twins. Heritability is not really shown in younger years, but grows as they get older.

Question 20

OCEAN

Answer 20

Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

Question 21

Phenomenological Approach to Personality.

Answer 21

Maslow (Growth orientation, deficiency orientation, and hierarchy of needs) Carl Roger’s Self-Theory (concept of self, positive regard, conditions of worth)

Question 22

Psychodynamic Approach to Personality.

Answer 22

Freud (oedipus complex, psychosexual stages, eros & thanatos, penis/womb envy), Jung (personal & collective memories), Adler (striving for superiority, inferiority complex, compensatory behaviour).

Question 23

Stankoff & Roberts (1997)

Answer 23

Question the measurement of processing speed as g.

Question 24

Stern

Answer 24

Ration Intelligence Quotient. Mental Age / Chronological Age (x100)

Question 25

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Answer 25

Contextual, Componential, and Experiential.

Question 26

Mozart Effect

Answer 26

No long-term effects, short term increase in IQ with classical music.

Question 27

Thurstone 7 Primary Mental Abilities

Answer 27

Defines 7 factors of intelligence, and the scores can correlate giving the implication of g.

Question 28

Tupes & Christal (1961)

Answer 28

Original proposers of the Big Five Model.

Question 29

Verney

Answer 29

WAIS-R contains cultural influences, and thus not valid within Mexican-American students.

Question 30

Vygotsky

Answer 30

IQ should be measured by the potential learning rather than concentrating on current intelligence and knowledge; greater focus on fluid intelligence.