Essay Titles Flashcards
topics for ‘structure and function of carbohydrates’
1) biological molecules: monosaccharides
2) biological molecules: disaccharides - condensation/hydrolysis/glycosidic bonds
3) energy source - glucose
4) respiration - use of carbs
5) photosynthesis - formation of glucose
6) biological molecules: starch/glycogen
7) structural: cellulose in plant cell walls
8) transport: sucrose in phloem
9) food store: glycogen in animals, starch in plants, lactose in milk
10) glycoproteins and glycolipids
11) homeostasis
12) DNA/RNA - pentose sugar
topics for importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms
1) enzyme properties and digestion
2) protein structure
3) plasma membrane structure and cell transport
4) antigens, antibodies, B and T cells
5) vaccines
6) structure of DNA
7) DNA replication (not PCR)
8) transcription and translation
9) transcriptional factors, oestrogen, siRNA
10) restriction enzymes
11) haemoglobin
12) action potentials and synaptic transmission
13) muscle contraction
14) control of blood glucose concentration
topics to describe how the structures of different polymers are related to their functions
1) biological molecules
2) release energy from carbs
3) control of blood glucose
4) enzymes
5) DNA - structure
6) principles of immunology
7) transport of respiratory gases
topics for the importance of hydrogen bonds in living organisms
1) passage of water through a plant-cohesion-tension mechanism
2) structure of proteins/starch/carbs
3) enzymes
4) dna
5) gene technology
topics for the importance of water in organisms
1) properties of water
2) condensation and hydrolysis
3) photolysis
4) digestion and absorption
5) circulation
6) tissue fluid and its circulation
7) temperature control
8) water potential and osmosis
9) cell walls and support in plants
topics for the different ways in which organisms use ATP
1) muscle contraction
2) active transport
3) maintaining resting potential
4) re-synthesis of acetylcholine and rhodopsin
5) respiration
6) light independent reactions of photosynthesis
7) synthesis (anabolism)
8) kidney function
9) translocation
10) nitrogen fixation
topics for ‘inorganic ions include those of sodium, phosphorous and hydrogen. describe how these and other inorganic ions are used in living organisms’
1) nitrogen cycles
2) action potentials and nerve impulses
3) receptors convert stimuli into electrical impulses
4) respiration and ATP
5) photosynthesis uses energy to synthesise organic molecules from inorganic sources
6) DNA
7) fertilisers and plant growth
8) hydrogen ions affect pH
9) factors which affect enzyme action
10) digestion in stomach and small intestine
11) role of H+ in respiration and photosynthesis
topics for the importance of responses to changes in the internal and external environment of an organism
1) transport in and out of cell
2) immune response
3) haemoglobin
4) transpiration - gas exchange in plants
5) behaviour
6) adaptation and selection
7) changes in populations - selection pressures
8) responses to stimuli
9) taxes and kinesis
10) receptors
11) simple reflexes and neurones and synapses
12) homeostasis - response to changes in internal environment
13) feedback
14) gene
topics for importance to humans of the control of growth, reproduction and development of organisms, including themselves
1) pathogens (and invasion of human tissues)
2) antibiotic resistance - control of bacterial growth
3) immune response and vaccination
4) human influence on biodiversity
5) human populations
6) humans and farming practices - and selective breeding
7) use of fertilisers and pesticides
8) succession - control
9) genetics - prediction of inherited conditions
10) control of gene expression - stem cells
11) regulation of gene expression - mitosis and cancer
12) gene cloning and transfer
13) gene therapy
topics for movement inside cells
1) plasma membranes and movement across
2) protein synthesis
3) movement through ER and golgi
4) cell division and chromosome movement
5) water movement in plants/xylem
6) translocation
7) neurones and synaptic vesicles
8) actin and myosin
9) dna replication and mutation
10) electron transport chains
11) molecular/atomic/ionic movement
topics for the importance of proteins in the control of processes and responses in organisms
1) enzymes as catalysts
2) enzymes control metabolic pathways
3) Proteins/enzymes in respiration
4) Proteins/enzymes in photosynthesis
5) Control of movement across Membranes
6) Immunology
7) Haemoglobin
8) DNA
9) Pacinian corpuscles - stretch mediated sodium channels
10) Action potentials
11) Synaptic transmission
12) Protein/peptide hormones
13) Enzymes in gene transcription and Translation
14) Transcription factors and receptors
15) Gene therapy involving proteins
The causes and importance of variation and diversity in organisms
1) Antigenic variation in pathogens - antigenic variation in e.g. viruses
2) Evolution of antibiotic-resistance in Bacteria
3) Genetic diversity because of differences in DNA - comparing base sequences
4) Genes, alleles and proteins produced
5) Comparing protein sequences
6) Selection - selective breeding, artificial selection
7) Founder effect/genetic bottlenecks
8) Species diversity and index of Diversity
9) Causes of variation in populations - Meiosis
10) Advantages of variation - disease, food chains, adaptation
11) Succession
12) Gene pools and evolution, natural Selection
13) Speciation, geographical isolation
14) Gene mutation
15) Differences in gene expression
16) Genetically modified organisms
17) Genetic fingerprinting
Cells and organisms carry out exchanges with their external environment to maintain their internal environment
1) Homeostasis (concept of)
2) Digestion and absorption
3) Cells
4) Lung function
5) Gas exchange
6) Passage of water through plant
7) Nutrient cycles
8) Response to stimuli
9) Neurones
10) Temperature control
11) tissue fluid and its formation
12) Control of blood glucose concentration
13) Negative feedback
14) Gene expression
How energy is transferred within and between organisms
1) Photosynthesis
2) Energy transfer through ecosystems
3) Food production
4) Digestion (as in fuel)
5) Absorption (by cells)
6) Mass transport
7) Respiration
8) ATP
9) Stimuli and responses
10) Muscle contraction
11) Nerve impulses
The membranes of different types of cells are involved in many different functions
- Membrane function as selectively permeable barrier
- Transport mechanisms across membranes
- Absorption and co-transport of sodium ions and glucose
- Photosynthesis, chloroplast, thylakoids
- Respiration, mitochondrion and cristae
- Protein secretion, RER, SER and Golgi
- Surface receptors/antigen and immune response
- Cell division
- Vertical and horizontal transmission - membranes and bacteria
- Pacinian corpuscle
- Tropisms - movement of IAA
- Nerve impulses/action potentials
- Synaptic transmission
- Muscle contraction, calcium ion movement/storage
- Hormones - eg Blood glucose regulation - insulin and glucagon
- Osmosis, including water movement in plants
