Essay style questions

Question 1

Indicate the identity and function of anti-microbial peptides and innate immune system pathogen recognition receptors that help protect against infection (35 marks)

Answer 1

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Question 2

With the aid of a diagram, explain how a molecule of IgG interacts with antigen. Include in your answer details of which parts of the antibody molecule are directly involved in antigen recognition and also describe the types of bond which hold antibody and antigen together (35 marks)

Answer 2

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Question 3

Explain how cytotoxic T cells can inhibit tumour cell growth (35 marks)

Answer 3

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Question 4

Describe how cytotoxic T cells kill their target, using appropriate examples to illustrate your answer (35 marks)

Answer 4

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Question 5

Using annotated diagrams, describe the structures of receptors used by the innate and adaptive immune systems to recognise pathogens (35 marks)

Answer 5

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Question 6

Explain, using examples, how immune cells can protect against extracellular pathogens (35 marks)

Answer 6

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Question 7

Describe the main differences between memory B cells and T cells in how they respond to repeated exposure to antigen and the cell surface markers they express following antigen exposure (35 marks)

Answer 7

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Question 8

Describe the development of memory B cells and the cell surface markers they express following antigen exposure (35 marks)

Answer 8

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Question 9

What are the structural components of a T cell (TCR), and how do these components contribute to its function in recognizing antigens?

Answer 9

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Question 10

Explain the process of V(D)J recombination and its role in generating TCR diversity?

Question 11

Why is the third hypervariable region (CDR3) of the TCR particularly important for its diversity and antigen recognition?

Question 12

How does the diversity of TCRs contribute to immune tolerance, and what mechanisms are involved in preventing autoreactivity?

Question 13

Analyse the significance of the lymphatic system in maintaining immune function and homeostasis?

Question 14

What roles do cytokines play in the immune response, and how can their dysregulation lead to disease?
Difficulty: Medium

Question 15

How do vaccines stimulate the immune system, and what are the mechanisms behind their effectiveness?
Difficulty: Medium

Question 16

How does the immune system differentiate between pathogens and healthy tissue, and what implications does this have for autoimmune diseases?
Difficulty: Medium

Question 17

Discuss the purpose of distinguishing self and non-self cells in the immune system and how it contributes to overall immunity. Provide examples to support your explanation.
Difficulty: Medium

Question 18

Explain the process of immunoglobulin attack on pathogens in the immune system. Detail the steps involved from recognition to elimination, highlighting the role of different immunoglobulin types.
Difficulty: Hard

Question 19

Describe the differences between active and passive immunization methods. Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each approach in providing immunity against diseases.
Difficulty: Medium

Question 20

Explore the role of lymphoid organs in the immune system. How do primary and secondary lymphoid organs contribute to the body’s defense mechanisms? Provide specific examples of organs and their functions.
Difficulty: Hard

Question 21

Discuss the types of leukocytes involved in the immune response and their specific functions. Explain how these white blood cells work together to defend the body against infections.
Difficulty: Medium