Essay Plans

Question 1

Importance of membranes

Answer 1

1. Synapse - link to ocd low levels of serotonin
2. Muscles - link to intercostal muscles unable to contract if ca2+ ions not released sacro rectillium
3. Thylakoids membrane - link to lir = more glucose = cellulose = ridgid cell wall
4. Phagocytosis and lysosomes - link to programmed cell death via apoptosis
5. Translation - link to making protein such as haemoglobin or insulin

Question 2

Internal and external response stimuli

Answer 2

Immune response - link to vaccines

Tropism - link to photosynthesis

Heart rate control - link to more co2 in environment = increase heart rate and blood pressure = risk of heart attack so important in maintaining stability

Glucose homeostasis - link to diabetes

Taxis - link to survival

Question 3

Importance of microorganisms

Answer 3

Immunity - link to vaccine

Meseselon and stahl - link to pcr

In vivo cloning plasmids - treating type 1 diabetes

Succession - link to more biodiversity = more tourism

Nitrogen cycle - link to protein synthesis

Question 4

Importance of co2

Answer 4

Chemoreceptors- link to increase co2 more activation higher blood pressure = more risk heart attack importance to keep stable to maintain health

Bohr shift - link to more unloading for aerobic respiration for active animals such a cheaters to move fast to hunt increase survival

Calvin cycle - important as produces glucose = cellulose = ridgid cell wall protect against osmotic lysis

Global warming - link to climate change, ocean more acidic= less biodiversity reducing species richness

Ventilation - link to hyperventilation = low co2, if constant = more vulnerable to kidney failure so important to maintain ventilation for stable amount of co2 in lungs

Question 5

Energy transfers

Answer 5

Muscle contraction = intercostal muscles unable to contract = stain = effecting ventilation difficulties breathing = less oxygenated blood

Translation - link to use of atp in forming polypeptide chain to create proteins such as haemoglobin
Less haemoglobin = anemia - oxygen demands not met = symptoms such as heart palpitations and fatigue

Respiration oxidised phosporlation - more ATP resting potential by sodium potassium pump

Photosynthesis (LDR, light energy) link to cellulose

Question 6

Importance of water

Answer 6

1. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions - digestion hydrolysis of proteins to enable digestion
2. Osmoregulation- link to blood pressure damage to capillarys
3. Photolysis of water - link to less lir less organic molecule less cellulose cell is vulnerable to osmotic lysis may burst
4. Counter current theory fish - link to if this didn’t happen not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration, oxygen final electron acceptor so no chemisomosis.

Question 7

Importance of relationships and interactions between organisms

Answer 7

1. Mycorrhizae- link to more amino acids produced
2. Humoral response - link to vaccination
3. Courtship behaviour - link to adaptation to environment
4. Natural selection - link to more able to survive

Question 8

The importance of organic compounds

Answer 8

1. Respiration - glucose = organic compound used in glycolysis - link to atp to maintain resting potential as needed for sodium potassium pump
2. Photosynthesis- rubisco+chlorophyll = organic compounds - link to cellulose
3. Synapse - acetylcholine = organic compounds - link to ocd
4. Muscle - actin+mysoin = organic compounds- link to intercostal musles
5. Translation - ribosome = organic compound - link to producing proteins such a haemoglobin

Question 9

Importance of concentration gradients

Answer 9

1. Synapse- neurotransmitter diffuse down concentration gradient unidirectional link to ocd individuals low serotonin at synapse
2. Photosynthesis. - LDR chemisosmosis - H+ electrochemical gradient drive atp synthase produced energy to reduce GP to TP in LIR - link cellulose
3. Respiration - oxidated phosphorylation electron transport chain - link to atp created used for sodium potassium pump in maintain resting potential
4. Countercurrent theory fish - maintain conc gradient along lamalle - more diffusion of oxygen - link to

Question 10

Importance hydrogen bonds

Answer 10

1. DNA - semi conservative rep need weak h bond to seepage strands
2. Cellulose - long straight chains form microfibrils = strength and rigidity
3. Protein structure - hydrogen bonds form secondary structure
4. Cohesion tension - hydrogen bonds between polar water molecule unbroken Callum water - transpiration