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Russia And The Soviet Union > Essay Plans > Flashcards

Essay Plans Flashcards

1
Q

Why were the bolsheviks able to seize power

A
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2
Q

problems faced by the PG

A
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3
Q

why did the bolsheviks win the civil war

A
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4
Q

why was Stalin able to come out as leader

A

+ socialism in one country vs permanent revolution
+ hid lenins testament about communist members

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5
Q

why did Stalin introduce purges

A

+ PARA ON purges of ethnic minorities

  • opposition highest where nationalism was strongest
  • 12.5 million deaths
  • Ukraine - fear of them seeking separation - more then 5000 ukranian leaders (intellectuals) removed
  • purged anyone who opposed stalins rules - speaking only russian/ not practisting their own customs
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6
Q

Explain why there was a revolution in Russia in February 1917

A

+ rapid industrialisation lead by sergie witte

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7
Q

How successful were the 5 year plans

A
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8
Q

How good were the conditions for workers in towns

A
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9
Q

Explain why there was unrest in Petrograd in early 1917

A
  • military losses eg.
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10
Q

Explain why the Tsar was weakened by the first world war

A
  • -social effects eg. military losses / requisition/ discontent / 700 vs 2200 barrels of grain / bread rationing
  • economic effects eg. inflation 400% / job loses / segue witte - conditions got worse - putilov strikes / consumer goods - scarce + expensive
  • commander in chief issues - contempt for tsarina = German and Rasputin = died in December 1916
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11
Q

Explain why Nicholas II abdicated in march 1917 – effects of ww1 / army mutiny

A
  • long-term discontent = peasants - substance farming / subsistence farming + Calvary outdated / proletariat = Sergei witte bad conditions/ liberals = more political freedom - octoberists + kadets
  • effects of WW1 = military loses - commander in chief issues / forced requisitioning of crops from peasants - led to 700 wagons of grain Moscow vs 2200
  • immediate situation in Petrograd = international women’s day 23rd + announcement of bread rationing + putilov strikes 18th + inflation 400% / army mutiny = 27th = 24th 25,000 on streets
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12
Q

Explain why there was a revolution in Russia in feb 1917

A
  • long-term discontent = peasants - substance farming / subsistence farming + Calvary outdated / proletariat = Sergei witte bad conditions/ liberals = more political freedom - octoberists + kadets
  • effects of WW1 = military loses - commander in chief issues / forced requisitioning of crops from peasants - led to 700 wagons of grain Moscow vs 2200
  • immediate situation in Petrograd = international women’s day 23rd + announcement of bread rationing + putilov strikes 18th + inflation 400% / army mutiny = 27th = 24th 25,000 on streets
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13
Q

Explain why the provisional government faced problems – Petrograd soviet/ Kornilov revolt

A
  • PS= growing support / order number 1 / dual power / shared power / control over communication points
  • discontent amongst people = continued the war / failed to hold constituent assembly / June offensive / bread rationing all time low - 50g - failed to solve food shortage from feb 700 vs 22,000
  • kornilov revolt = gave bolsheviks military advantage + increased popularity = attempted right wing coup
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14
Q

Explain why the Kornilov revolt was significant

A
  • increased popularity for bolsheviks - 34,000 members + 40,000 red guards = bolsheviks new popularity allowed them to take over Petrograd soviet by September
  • allowed red guard to access weapons - triggered/catalysed revolution - diverted trains = Within a few days Bolsheviks had enlisted 25,000 armed recruits to defend Petrograd. While they dug trenches and fortified the city, delegations of soldiers were sent out to talk to the advancing troops
  • weakened PG and Kerensky = embarrassed the Provisional Government, demonstrating its impotence and indecisiveness in a time of crisis
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15
Q

Explain why Lenin decided to begin the revolution in Oct 1917–Kornilov/constituent election

A
  • weaknesses + failures of the PG - weakening their authority = order number 1/ dual power / lack of legitimacy / failure to hold constituent assembly elections
  • kornilov revolt
  • discontent amongst people leading to growing support for bolsheviks = public decision to end war = march = June offensive = peace + bread + land = 50g bread rationing + inflation + 700 vs 22000
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16
Q

Explain why Lenin’s arrival was important to his success – July days / April thesis

A
  • April thesis - peace + bread + land
  • kornilov revolt
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17
Q

Explain why Lenin introduced his series of decrees in November and December

A
  • Increase support – win upcoming constitute elections - Decree on unemployment insurance – employment insurance issued for all workers against injury + illness + unemployment / Decree on press – all non – Bolshevik newspapers banned / Decree on banking – all banks came under sovnarkoms control / Decree on marriage – couples could have non-religious weddings and divorce was made easier
  • End the war – peace bread land – treaty of b.l
  • Keep promises in his April thesis - Decree on land – 540 mill / Decree on peace – Sovnarkom intented to make peace immediately with russias oponents in the war / Decree on workers control – all factories placed under the control of elected comitees of workers
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18
Q

Explain why there are different interpretations of the Bolshevik revolutions

A
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19
Q

Explain why Lenin was concerned about the constituent assembly

A
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20
Q

Explain why the Bolsheviks were able to consolidate their power from nov 1917-march 1918

A
  • treaty of Brest litovsk
  • early bolshevik decrees
  • constitute assembly
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21
Q

Explain why the Bolsheviks were able to consolidate their power

A
  • Economic centralisation – war communism
  • Political centralisation – role of lenin+ politburo + cheka = remove political opponents
  • Social centralisation – culture / art / writers / cinema
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22
Q

Explain why the Tsar was executed

A
  • Feared that Romanovs would fall into hands of whites
  • Czech legion surrounding the city – page 49
    *
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23
Q

Explain why the Bolsheviks signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A
  • satisfy people - promised in April thesis
  • focus efforts in political chaos in Petrograd
  • satisfy army
24
Q

Explain why the civil war began

A
  • economic and social hardship - 50g a day - 60% decline in workforce - 2 + 3 million decline in population - food shortages - grain
  • bolshevik reforms - discontent amongst landlords /church / nobles / wealthy individuals
  • discontent amomgst other political parties - treaty of Brest litovsk - pissed off nationalist + constituent assembly - cadets + SR’s
25
Q

Explain why the Bolsheviks won the civil war 1918-21 – Trotsky / lack of unity from whites

A
  • strengths of bolsheviks - war communism / Cheka / leadership of Lenin / central russia control - communication / tsars arsenals 2.2 mill/ conscription
  • role of Trotsky - commissar of war / mobilised / ex-tsarist families / literacy / socialist military oath
  • weakness of whites - lack of unity - no shared aim / poor leadership - corruption - no loyalty - munitions / geographically spread out - communication / foreign intervention
26
Q

Explain why Lenin was able to establish a dictatorship 1918-21 – red cheka/politburo

A
  • Economic centralisation – war communism
  • Political centralisation – role of lenin+ politburo + cheka = remove political opponents
  • Social centralisation – culture / art / writers / cinema
27
Q

Explain why there were changes in the use of terror under Lenin

A
  • to force economic centralisation - war communism - requisition brigades
  • political bolshevik centralisation - remove opponents
  • keep order within civil war
28
Q

Explain why war communism was introduced

A
  • economic centralisation - control economy - vesenkha - inflation - requistion squads
  • military - increase war efforts in civil war - defeat whites - supply - armaments
  • political centralisation - lead by the politburo - fit into communist idea of central control - oversee targets
29
Q

Explain why war communism was unpopular

A
  • overall economic decline - peasants hated it - stopped producing - 37% - famine 20-21 - grain fell 80 mill tonnes 1913 - 37.6 + oil - halved + coal - 29 to 9
  • use of terror + force - Kronstadt mutiny + peasants rebelled - kulaks
  • peasants - did not respond to giving up their crops - burnt cattle - requsition brigades - kulaks - hid grain - development of black market - lost support from ‘decree of land; - ‘merciless war against these kulaks’ - Lenin
30
Q

Explain why Lenin introduced the NEP

A
  • fix economic state - encourage foreign trade - OVER NEXT FEW YEARS LARGE SCALE EXCHANGES OF WESTERN INDUSTRIAL GOODS FOR RUSSIAN OIL AND WHEAT + sell surplus grain + 20 workers factories + money = new rouble introduced + nepmen + electrification - convinced power was key to economic growth
  • gain back support from peasants + Kronstadt sailors = sell surplus grain - make profit as nepmen - nepmen had ¾ of retail trade - shops + cafes reopened + nepmen = picked up ham meat eggs nails wood and sold to market = private traders
  • able to convince communist party it was a temporary measure - cereal production increased by 23% - Trotsky blamed scissor crisis on new
31
Q

Explain why there were changes in society in Russia 1918-24 – women / education

A
  • social centralisation through culture
  • improve position of women
  • control of young people through education
32
Q

explain why war communism failed

A
  • overall economic decline - peasants hated it - stopped producing - 37% - famine 20-21 - grain fell 80 mill tonnes 1913 - 37.6 + oil - halved + coal - 29 to 9
  • riots against use of terror + force - Kronstadt mutiny + peasants rebelled - kulaks
  • peasant discontent - did not respond to giving up their crops - burnt cattle - requsition brigades - kulaks - hid grain - development of black market - lost support from ‘decree of land; - ‘merciless war against these kulaks’ - Lenin
33
Q

Explain why there were changes in society in Russia 1918-24 – women / education

A
  • control culture = commissariat of public enlightenment = encourage collective culture / socialist realism / proletkino - setup to male political films / May Day + anniversary of October revolution = stress processions
  • promote communism - education - compulsory learning of revolution + communism / youth organisations = pioneers + Komsomol
  • attempts raise the status of women - marriage - new divorce laws/ guaranteed paid maternity leave 2 months before and after/ 1920 = abortion on demand made legal = highest divorce in Europe - 25 times higher then Britain - by 1927 - ⅔ of Moscow’s marriages ended in divorce / 1919 - zhentodel - kholantai
34
Q

Explain why Stalin was able to emerge as leader

A
  • tactical - general secretary of communism party - packed with members of supporters of ‘ ‘socialist in one country’/ played rivals against eachother - allowed with z + k and then allied with B / hid testament
  • portrayed himself as Lenin’s natural successor - chief mourner + speech- tricked Trotsky into next day = made him look bad/ doctored pictures sitting next to Stalin
  • weaknesses of Trotsky - Menshevik until 1917 / jew / tactical mistakes - resigned as commander in chief of red army / permeant revolution - Russians wanted to concentrate on their own country / not sly - underestimated Stalin - wanted to win by debate + intellect instead
35
Q

Explain why Stalin carried out purges in 1930s – Stalin’s rivals / forced labour

A
  • threats to his position - kirovs assassination - 17th party congress 1934 / critiqued industrialisation wanted in slowed down / show trials of ‘old bolsheviks’ - Z + K - arrested + ‘confessed’ to plotting after NKVD brainwashing + torture
  • economic problems - failure to achieve targets blamed on sabotage - sent to gulags eg. 1928 = 55 engineers from Shakty mines put on trial - 4 shot + 49 imprisoned - accused of sabotage / people sent to gulags = mass labor force for industrialisation eg. Magnitogorsk - east Asia = khazakstan.
  • fears of independence from ethnic minorities - Ukraine - deliberately starved in 1932-33 famine + seeking independence so purged leading intellectuals of Ukraine - more than 5000 Ukrainian arrested + deported - falsely accused of armed rebellion / Korean had Japanese spies = deported in 1936 = 172,000 individuals
36
Q

Explain why there were changes in the use of terror under Stalin

A
  • threats to his position - kirovs assassination - 17th party congress 1934 / critiqued industrialisation wanted in slowed down / show trials of ‘old bolsheviks’ - Z + K - arrested + ‘confessed’ to plotting after NKVD brainwashing + torture
  • economic problems - failure to achieve targets blamed on sabotage - sent to gulags eg. 1928 = 55 engineers from Shakty mines put on trial - 4 shot + 49 imprisoned - accused of sabotage / people sent to gulags = mass labor force for industrialisation eg. Magnitogorsk - east Asia = khazakstan.
  • fears of independence from ethnic minorities - Ukraine - deliberately starved in 1932-33 famine + seeking independence so purged leading intellectuals of Ukraine - more than 5000 Ukrainian arrested + deported - falsely accused of armed rebellion / Korean had Japanese spies = deported in 1936 = 172,000 individuals
37
Q

Explain why there were changes in the use of the secret police under Stalin

A
  • threats to his position - kirovs assassination - 17th party congress 1934 / critiqued industrialisation wanted in slowed down / show trials of ‘old bolsheviks’ - Z + K - arrested + ‘confessed’ to plotting after NKVD brainwashing + torture // expanded powers / decree against terrorist acts - arrest people without charge or trial + execute on spot / nicknamed - black ravens
  • economic problems - failure to achieve targets blamed on sabotage - sent to gulags eg. 1928 = 55 engineers from Shakty mines put on trial - 4 shot + 49 imprisoned - accused of sabotage / people sent to gulags = mass labor force for industrialisation eg. Magnitogorsk - east Asia = khazakstan.
  • fears of independence from ethnic minorities - Ukraine - deliberately starved in 1932-33 famine + seeking independence so purged leading intellectuals of Ukraine - more than 5000 Ukrainian arrested + deported - falsely accused of armed rebellion / Korean had Japanese spies = deported in 1936 = 172,000 individuals
38
Q

Explain why there were little opposition to the purges – secret police / patriotism

A
  • secret police NKVD eliminating political opposition - kirovs assassination - 17th party congress 1934 / critiqued industrialisation wanted in slowed down / _d_ecree against terrorist acts - arrest people without charge or trial + execute on spot / nicknamed - black ravens / generals purged + facts
  • deportation / purges of ethnic minorities to prevent opposition - Ukraine - deliberately starved in 1932-33 famine + seeking independence so purged leading intellectuals of Ukraine - more than 5000 Ukrainian arrested + deported - falsely accused of armed rebellion / Korean had Japanese spies = deported in 1936 = 172,000 individuals
  • atmosphere of fear - created by shows trials + confessions - show trials of ‘old bolsheviks’ - Z + K - arrested + ‘confessed’ to plotting after NKVD brainwashing + torture // expanded powers /
39
Q

Explain why Stalin introduced the cult of personability – secure his position / indoctrination

A
  • secure his position - man of steel / shining sun of humanity / universal genius - promised those who were loyal to him, artists, promotions + better housing - developed skills of propaganda from being editor of Pravda
  • eliminate threats of old bolsheviks - changed history /photos doctored + new paintings - anyone who didn’t obey = gulags
  • indoctrination - control of education / religion
40
Q

Explain why it was important for Stalin to control everyday life of soviets –education/culture

A
  • secure his position - man of steel / shining sun of humanity / universal genius - promised those who were loyal to him, artists, promotions + better housing - developed skills of propaganda from being editor of Pravda
  • eliminate threats of old bolsheviks - changed history /photos doctored + new paintings - anyone who didn’t obey = gulags
  • indoctrination - control of education / religion
41
Q

Explain why Stalin introduced measures to control religion – cult / different religions

A
  • control every day aspects - imprisoned priests / church leaders / banned Mecca / synagogues / controlling every day life
  • cult of personality - challenge religion - he wanted to seem more powerful then god - everywhere looked up see pics of Stalin / shining sun of humanity / universal genius / towns + cities named after him
  • communist state was against religion as a philosophy - Stalin set up societies = league of militant atheists / mistrusted religion
42
Q

Explain why there were change to the lives of young people 1928-41–Stalin ideas/education

A
  • rewrite history - control of education
  • spread communist ideas - youth groups
43
Q

Explain why the grain crisis 27-28 was important for Stalin – control kulaks / feeding workers

A
  • control kulaks - brigades of OGPU
  • secure his position - atmosphere of fear - Ukraine famine
  • feed the workers in cities - disappointing output
44
Q

Explain why Stalin introduced the new constitution -1936

A
  • to convince outside world it was a ‘free society’
  • secure his position - free elections but communist party was the only party you could vote for
45
Q

Explain why Stalin introduced collectivisation 1928 – control of the kulaks / industrialisation

A
  • disappointing economic output under NEP = failed to provide enough to feed workers = bread rationing / make up figures / felt as if state control was needed = chairmans + targets
  • control of the kulaks + leadership - following grain crisis / liquidation of the kulaks = discredit politburo NEP
  • industrialisation - machinery = free peasants to work in towns + sell surplus grain to finance 5-year plans
46
Q

Explain why soviet industry expanded rapidly in the 1930s

A
  • successes of industrialisation - five year plans
  • successes of collectivisation - supported 5 year plans = more efficient agriculture = more famers can leave countryside and work in factories + sell food abroad to finance 5 year plans
  • work of force labour in the gulags - development of cities
47
Q

Explain why there was opposition to collectivisation

A
  • peasants had little wages
48
Q

Explain why Stalin introduced the 5 year plans – fear of foreign invasion / control of industry

A
  • control of industry - opposed NEP wanted to restore central or state direction of industry = gosplan = unrealistic targets
  • fear of foreign invasion = fear of surrounding capitalist countries, Britain + France + USA will attack = supported whites in the civil war = modernisation of industry was essential if wanted victory = armed forces need to be supplied = third 5 year plan = fears of diplomatic isolation = string economy hoped to deter invaders
  • successes of collectivisation = changes in agriculture meant that more tractors would be needed
49
Q

Explain why industrialisation was seen as both a success and a failure

A
  • increase in industrial production
  • development of cities + industrial centres
  • unrealistic targets
  • awful working + living conditions
50
Q

Explain why collectivisation was seen as both a success and a failure

A
  • human cost = failure
  • mixed economic results - fall + increase
  • social benefits - more efficient / schools + literacy rates
51
Q

Explain why Stalin made change to the position of women 28-41–industrialisation/ divorces

A
  • high divorce rated - reestablish concept of marriage
  • industrialisation - 5 year plans encourage them to work - CRECHES / all workers children’s free primary education / state nurseries / number of female workers rose from 3 million to 13 million im 1940
  • believed women issued had been fixed - zhenotdel abolished 1930
52
Q

Explain why there were purges of ethnic minorities

A

//

53
Q

Explain why there were differing experiences of Stalin’s plan

A
  • party members - healthcare / village - ducha - holidays in countryside / wanted to encourage members of peasants and proletariats to become party members / wanted career ladder for new elite of the party
  • peasants - purged
  • town workers - mixed = provisions 1.5 mill but awful working and living
54
Q

Explain why there were changes to living/working conditions in the 1930’s

A
  • industrialisation
  • collectivisation
55
Q

explain why Stalin was able to establish a dictatorship

A
  • purges - red terror - kirovs assassination - 17th party congress 1934 / critiqued industrialisation wanted in slowed down / show trials of ‘old bolsheviks’ - Z + K - arrested + ‘confessed’ to plotting after NKVD brainwashing + torture // expanded powers / decree against terrorist acts - arrest people without charge or trial + execute on spot / nicknamed - black ravens
  • propaganda + censorship = cult of Stalin / culture + religion
  • collectivisation = controlled peasants + kulaks / liquidation of the kulaks / Mts spies / internal passports

Russia And The Soviet Union (5 decks)

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