Essay plan Flashcards
Prosocial behaviors & ingroup help
(warneken & tomasello)
(baby jessica)
(FAO)
Predisposition- to help?
E- Warneken & Tomasello 2006- demoed that innate (book stacking, opening cabinet)
-helping or playing? if programmed to be “altruistic” why doesn’t carry over to childhood.
Baby Jessica- stuck in well, so much money- 1 million trust fund.
FAO- 800 million ppl behaviour. Most countries GDP (>0.8%) poorer countries give larger proportion.
Altruism- academic sceptisicim
Inclined to coop?
Evol reasons-
(reyniers & bhalla)
(NSRM- cialdini et al)
historically seen as selfish beings.
-Tit-For-Tat Reciprocity or helping behaviors influenced by Social Norms .
Ptcpts follow social norms for helping cus care about Reputation.
E- Reyniers & Bhalla- call this “Reluctant Altruism”
Cialdini et al- emphasis Negative State Relief Model
-help cus don’t want to feel bad.
–found perceived oneness with victim stronger predictor than empathetic concern.
defining altruism- empathy key?
Empathetic Concern- (bateson et al)
Bateson et al-
- empathy feeling concern & distress for another.
- proposed Empathy-Altruism Hypo- altruism directly linked to empathy- demoed via empathetic concern.
E- Bateson et al- ptcpts told confed shocked childhood trauma- ptcpts asked how felt- split into 2
= Egoistic Concern & Empatheitc Concern
-asked if wanted to stop experiement
-high empathy stayed= argued evidence for altruism.
–he accidentally measured ingroup (victim was student).
—–Cikara et al- lack of empathy sign of Intergroup Failure.
Identifiable Victim Effect (IVE)-
small et al
- may be 1 reason baby jessica got so much money.
- -pref donate single person v group.
E-Small et al 2007- tell ptcpts about IVE reduce amount they give to all.
Cause of IVE
jenni lowenstein
Jenni & Lowenstein 1997- perceived impact of donation vividness of the situation.
Increase utilitarian decision for a group of ppl.
More empathetic concern to single victim.
Psychological Numbing Effect (PN)-
slovic
(Mother Teresa Effect)- Slovic
-parsimonious with Weber’s Law- increase size of stimulus- decreased ability to detect changes in stimulus. - need loads of ppl to make us notice.
Guilt
basil et al
Basil et al- guilt mediated empathy. Guilt stronger effect on donation than empathy.
Reputation
grace & griffin - west
Grace & Friffin- ptcpts gave more when asked to wear charity ribbion
–West- “Conspicuous Compassion”
God is watching
bateson & nettle
Increased donation when moral concepts made salient- religiousness poor predictor.
Bateson & Nettle- stylized eyes- bike theft/donations.
The strategic side (3)
helping outgroup
Its not we help outgroup less, we help them for diff reasons.
- helping intergroup context places Group Needs at Forefront (SIT)
- (SIT) group Maintain Positive Distinctiveness. Group Membership is Fluid & need coop with others to Maintain.
- ingroup must help outgroup for benefits as providing Increases Group Rep = trustworthy.
Struggle for social dominance
(nadler & halabi)
(nadler- 2 types)
Nadler & Halabi- argue helping relations are Inherently Unequal - helper in position “Above”.
Nadler 2002- 2 types
1. Dependency-Oriented- full solution to prob is provided. Target perceived as incapable.
- Autonomy-Oriented- help is partial & temp. Foucs on helping target to help themselves.
- –high status groups pref depend-ori, particularly when group hierarchies are unstable.
- -lower status groups may refuse help (handouts).
Ingroup strategic motives
vanleewen & tauber
vanLeewen & Tauber- 3 motives for ingroup helping outgroup.
- Power & Autonomy- ingroup wanting Maintain Hierarchical relationship.
- Meaning & Existence- helping provide Sense of Purpose. Needed/valued “Scrooge Effect”.
- Impression Formation- ways help make our group Appear Positive- fair/competent.
Terror Management Theory (TMT)- (3)
- very knowledge of our existential is 1 most fundamental motives directing human behaviour.
1. Anxiety Buffering Hypo- if psych structure serve as anxiety buffer function then= Strengthening or Activating Structure should Decrease anx.
2. Morality Salience Hypo- protection against anx, Reminding ppl of Source of anx, morality lead to Increased NEED for Protection Structure.
3. Death Thought Accessibility Hypo- if provides protection & buffers against awareness, then Weakening Structure should Increase Accessibility of death related cognition while Strengthening should Decrease Accessibility.
Morality Salience Hypo
(rosenblatt et al)
(greenberg et al)
Rosenblatt et al- “pls describe emotions thought of your death arouse”, “physically happens when dead”
-court judges found treat legal transgress are sigh harsher after mortality made salient.
E- Greenberg et al & others- MS makes us fight wars, commit to ingroup etc.
MS & prosocial behaviour
Jonas et al- after MS donation increased to own nations projects, not international projects.
