Essay plan

Question 1

Self-Recog

lewis & brooks-gunn

Answer 1

E- Lewis & Brooks-Gunn- 75% (21 month) interact with dot

Question 2

Temporal Sense of Self

pavinelli

Answer 2

same as you were yesterday.
Full by (3 years)

E- Pavinelli et al- sticker on head photo after delay-
(3-4 years) reached for sticker, younger only did with a mirror.

Question 3

other ppl
Person Permanence-

Social Dimensions: Lewis& Brooks-Gun- (3)-

Answer 3

• internal rep of social being (18 months)
• 1. Familiarity (7-9m) fam v unfam adults. (10-12m) fam v strange peers.
• 2. Age (6-12m) child v adult. Verbal labels (18-24m).
• 3. Gender (9-12m). Gender labels (19m).

Question 4

emotional dev: Production

Answer 4

Pos & neg affect only (after birth).
(few months) basic “Primary Emotions”
( 7 months)- Fear Responses, anger v pain.
(2-3 years) “Secondary Emotions” combine, embarrassment, pride, shame.

Question 5

Reg Emotions
Discrim emotions-

Social referencing-

Understanding Another’s Mind- precursors (3)
(harris)

Answer 5

-early as (10 weeks).

• gauging responses of caregiver before reacting.
• -Visual Cliff crossing. Mum v stranger reactions.
• 1. Self Awareness (18-20m)- verbal expression (2 years).
• 2. Capacity for Pretense (2-3 years) pretend something in world is something else.
• 3. Distinguish Reality from Pretense- (3-4 years).

Question 6

Emotional Intelligence-

reg, coping, competence

Answer 6

Learn Reg Emotion- switch external/internal management.

Coping Mechanism- achieve well being.

Social Competence- better peer relationships. inapp reactions = more bullying.

Question 7

ToM-

baron-cohen

Answer 7

-other ppl have mental reps world diff from our own beliefs/feelings. Have infer, devs with age, key for social success.

E- Baron-Cohen et al 1985- false belief tasks (4 year old) solved.

Question 8

Curse of Knowledge-

Answer 8

-knowledge of reality overrides knowledge of beliefs.

Question 9

Deving ToM

masangkay

Answer 9

• Distinguish Mental States in lang (2+ years)- use Internal State (want).
• Use Cog Terms (know, remember) (3 years) understanding relationship b/w seeings & knowing
• (3-4 years) -understand seeing means knowing.

E- Masangkay et al - same v different views.

Question 10

Appearance-Reality distinction-

flavell

Answer 10

-(3 years) difficulty understanding 2 reps of an object at same time.
E- Flavell et al- what looks like can be different from what it does.

Question 11

Predicting Behaviour

Answer 11

(2 years) understand ppl have desires.

(3 years) understand ppl have beliefs- not yet understand they can act on them……………..OR?

Question 12

ToM achieved?

wellman

Answer 12

E- Wellman et al 2001- review 180 false belief studies.

4+ years- usually pass

Question 13

Implicit Knowledge before ToM?

southgate & vernetti

Answer 13

(2-3 year old) might look at correct place but id incorrect (in false belief tasks).
E- Southgate & Vernetti 2014- activation in Motor Cortex- same in adults & (6 month olds)- infants make Action Prediction based on agents belief.

Question 14

Impacts of dev? Language.

Answer 14

Children with increased lang abilities better in false belief tasks.
Those with older sibling or bigger families who use more Mental State Terms- do better in false belief tasks.

Question 15

ToM after 4 years
(surprise, deception)
(peskin)

Answer 15

Understanding Surprise- (5 years)
Deception-
-E- Peskin- lie about fav sticker. (5 year) from start.
(4 year) over trials, (3 year) never.

Question 16

How ToM devs?- theory

Answer 16

Conceptual Change- b/w (3-5 years) dev concepts of (meta)reps, mental states aren’t reflections of reality, can be inaccurate.
E- diffs b/w (3-4 year olds) in false belief tasks.
Devs gradually.
Other cog abilities max understanding- less complex tasks- younger more successful.