Essay plan

Question 1

Dev Disorders-

Answer 1

-manifest before adulthood- disrupts normal dev- motor, cog, socio-emotional- delay or deficit. (ASD, ADHD, intellectual disability).

Question 2

Autism (now ASD)
(founders & symps)

Triad of Impairments-

Answer 2

Kanner 1943; Asperger 1944- early descriptions- low IQ, Autistic Aloneness, Sameness Desire.

• Wing & Gould 1979- impairments in:
  1. Social Interaction
  2. Communication
  3. Repetitive Patterns of Behavior.

Question 3

DSM-IV

Answer 3

• inconsistent, criteria, validitiy.
  1. Autistic Disorder
  2. Asperger’s
  3. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
  4. Pervasive Dev Disorder (not specific)

Question 4

DSM-V- changes

need 2+

Answer 4

-May 2013 
Removed specifics (Asperger's).
Severity by amount care needed.
3 impairments combined (social comm/interaction, restricted/rep behaviors & rep activities/interests.)
Need 2+

Question 5

DSM-V- criteria

must meet A, B, C, D

Answer 5

A. persistent deficits- Social Comm/Interaction
ALL 3: 
1.defs Social-Emotional Reciprocity.
2. Nonverbal Comm
3. Dev & Maintain Relationships.

B. Rep Patterns of Behaviours
ALL 2:
1. Stereotypical/Rep Speech, & Motor Movements
2. Excess Adherence to Routine

C. syms present from Early Childhood.

D. limit & Impair Everyday Function

Question 6

DSM-V- ASD
(pros/cons)
(symps)

Answer 6

Loss id (Asperger's), affect insurance, access to care?
More nuance diagnosis, better care, individual needs, more consistent.

Diff characteristics & combos, varying severity.
4x common in males.

“Islets of Ability”- good or better than TD (Rote Memory, Spatial Tasks).

Question 7

Causes ASD.

happe

Answer 7

Heredity component- twin/adoption studies.
Structural abs, connection probs, mirror neurons.

E- Happe et al 2006- no clear genetic neuronal explanation.

Question 8

ASD diagnosis probs

behavioral

Answer 8

Behavioral Criteria- some signs early as (12-18 months) can go roughly (3 years) undiagnosed.

However diagnose improved with use of better materials.

Question 9

Theories of ASD (3)
(EF)
(WCC, frith & happe)
(ToM, baron-cohen)

Answer 9

Executive Functioning View (EF)
-planning, organisation, inhibition, impulse control, attention - not casual role- BUT
early diffs in EF play role in dev outcomes- correlation b/w EF & later ToM skills.

Weak Central Coherence (WCC)
-typically dev tendency -process info globally. WCC- bias for Featural/Local Info, Details.

E- Frith & Happe 1994- explain certain aspects ASD- Islets of Ability- Rote Memory, Preoccupation with detail

ToM Deficit
-limits effective social understanding, diff interpret behaviors, diff to comm. Explain routine indirectly & sameness.

E-Baron-Cohen et al 1985- Sally-Anne false belief task.
-mental age 4. ASD 20% right v TD 80% right.

-ASD could order & explain mechanical & behavioral stories- diff ordering “Mentalistic” stories. - randomly order, only report what they see etc…

Question 10

Deception
(sodian & frith)
(leslie & thaiss)

Answer 10

E- Sodian & Frith 1992- 2 cons

1. Sabotage- could lock box with key- manipulate robber’s behaviour.
2. Deception- tell a puppet box was locked (it wasn’t)- manipulate robber’s belief.
   - ASD - motivated but can’t manipulate robber’s belief.

Probs- “representations” mental v non-mental (as maps/photos can be “false” reps).
E- Leslie & Thaiss- 15 ASD & 20 TD matched mental ages- ASD only impaired on mental reps.

Question 11

Disengaging from object

hughes & russel

Answer 11

E- Hughes & Russel 1993- fail on false belief tasks- can’t ignore knowledge about object’s actual position.

Question 12

Limitation of ToM hypo

high function, happe

Answer 12

Some high functioning ASD perform at TD lvls- not universal.

E- Happe 1995- however not until ASD much older, may rely on simpler strategies.

Question 13

Second-Order Beleifs

Answer 13

“Where does Anne think Sally will look for marble?”- some high functioning ASD can solve.

Question 14

Strange Stories
(happe)

Answer 14

E- Happe 1994- more natural, increased complexity- read story & asked why person said something they didn’t mean (white lie, pretend, joke, idiom).
“hates new hat, wife asks, he say he likes it”
-“Is Peter telling truth?” & “Why did he say it?”
Even ASD passed 2nd order- impaired- vocab too loaded?

Question 15

Reading Mind Through Eyes

baron-cohen

Answer 15

E- Baron-Cohen et al 1997- infer mental states via eyes. ToM abilities (6 years).
ASD sig impaired- don’t look at eyes.
-had choose correct emotion face showed (concerned v unconcerned)- correlates performance on strange stories.