Essay Flashcards
How many acts of violence were recorded by the Office of National Statistics in 2015?
1.2 million
Who looked at the concept of masculinity?
Hiedensohn (1985)
How did Kimmel (2005) describe manhood?
A man in power, man with power and a man of power
What did the educational progress say?
Today, masculinity is much more diverse and although some characteristics from 100s of years ago are still resent (aggressiveness), there are emerging ways for men to achieve masculinity
Who looked at the biological principles/features of humans?
Lombrosso
How did Ellis (2015) describe Lomrosso’s work?
It was the framework that set the argument that males and females were biologically different and males had masculine biological characteristics that made them more prone to commit violent crime
What did Harrington and Nee state in 2005?
Women lack masculine tendencies and are less likely to commit violent crimes
Explain Sutherland & Cressey’s 1996 ‘Sex role theory’
- Links with Parson’s idea of socialisation
- Essentially boys and girls are assigned different roles
- Girls get more supervision where as boys are more likely to be unsupervised and find themselves in delinquent cultures which could lead to violent crime
- It is historic that boys be masculine and fight (e.g world war 2)
Harland (2009)
‘The fear of looking unmanly’ has traditionally contributed to young men displaying aggressive masculinity as a defence mechanism against the threat of perceived humiliation from others
Ellis (2015)
The socialisation of males and females is varied and differs in such a manner that there is more opportunity for males to find themselves committing violent crime against women
Parsons (1964)
Masculinity was internalised during adolescent’s socialisation whereby boys were more likely to be involved in deviant behaviour
What did Cressey argue in 1966?
Whilst girls were given greater supervision and were encouraged to adopt maternal roles in their primary socialisation, boys were more likely to be exposed to criminal subcultures/environments that were more prone to violence
Who said ‘the context of gender stereotype is historic’?
Sinnot (1986)
What did Archer say in 1994?
Investing time to be aggressive, tough and masculine are not so well suited to gaining status in contemporary Western societies
Describe Messerschmidt’s 1993 theory of structured action
- Males will turn to violence in order to achieve the masculinity that they want
- If they lack the legitimate resources to gain masculinity through educational qualifications or a good job then the last resort is to establish their masculinity through violent crime
- The males will turn to those hegemonic ideals that remain ideal
- Masculinity is a social construction and men have to constantly work at presenting it and constructing it to others
What is a critique of sex-role theory?
- There are cases where females commit violent crime
- Most males grow out of their adolescent deviance so how reliable is it on explaining violent crime as young adults
What is the critique of Messerschmidt (1993)?
- Does masculinity actually explain the crime or does it just describe the offender?
- Not all men use violence to achieve the masculinity they desire
Hall (2002)
- Argues that violence serves a purpose to men who are struggling socially and economically
- It is all about filling the gap with violence when power is absent
Katz (1988)
- The gap of legitimate resources to achieve masculinity can lead men into feelings such as shame and rage
- This theory is concerned with the male wanting to feel worthy just like any other individual
- Looked at the example of street elitism which is basically older gangs, more serious
- Violent crimes are committed in order to gain respect and they defy the very organisations and authorities that they could not adapt to, e.g schools
What does Hobbs (1998) state about the working classes and masculinity?
- Violence is part of the working class’ life and offers a means of achieving respect that other men can receive through their jobs
- The masculinity that is generated through the working class is based on hardness and territory whereas the middle class masculinity is generated through their education advancement and job prospects
- Similarly, if young lads don’t have a father figure they will turn to delinquent role modes and gangs and learn their methods of obtaining respect and enforcing masculinity which will then be replicated
What is meant by the concept of Marginality and Violence ?
The working class struggle to gain status through their qualifications. They lack the resources that middle class families have in order to improve their chances of better grades and jobs.
