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ESR > ESR. 002. Hypothalamo-pituitary complex > Flashcards

ESR. 002. Hypothalamo-pituitary complex Flashcards

1
Q

what type of projection go to the posterior pituitary

A

axonal projections from key nuclei in the hypothlamus

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2
Q

what type of projection go to the anterior pituitary

A

chemical projections via fenestrated capillaries

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3
Q

where is the pituitary gland situated

A

in the sphenoid bone
under the optic chiasm
above the roof of the mouth
third ventricle sits above

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4
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

pituitary stalk

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5
Q

what part of the pituitary gland makes up the majority its mass

A

anterior pituitary

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6
Q

describe the embryoligical development of the gland

A

posterior pitutiary - down growth of neural tissue (diencephalon)
anterior pituitary - upgrowth of Rathkes pouch (roof of mouth)

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7
Q

what hormones travel from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and ADH - made by neurones in hypothalamus

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8
Q

what nuclei are found in the hypothalamus that make post pit hormones

A

PVN, supraoptic, suprachiasmatic

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9
Q

what is the name of the tract that carried the hormones to post pit

A

hypothalamis-hypophyseal tract ( via the infundibulum)

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10
Q

which artery picks up the hormones from the post pit

A

inferior hypophyseal artery

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11
Q

what is the name of the protein that carries the hormones to the post pit

A

neurophysins

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12
Q

where are neuropeptides formed that go to ant pit

A

primary capillary plexus in the hypothalamus

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13
Q

what is the name of the tract that carried the hormones to ant pit

A

hypophyseal portal system

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14
Q

what makes up the majority of the ant pit

A

pars distalis

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15
Q

what three cell types are found in the pars distalis

A

acidophils - stain red or orange
basophils - stain blue
chromophobe - do not stain

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16
Q

what do acidophils produce

A

polypeptide hormones
somatoropes - make GH
lactotropes - make prolactin

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17
Q

what do basophils produce

A

glycoprotein hormones
thyrotropes - TSH
gonadotropes - LH, FSH
corticoropes - ACTH

18
Q

what do chromophobes produce

A

nothing

19
Q

what is the action of TSH

A

synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

20
Q

action of gonadotrophs LH and FSH

A

steroid biosynthesis and germ cell maturation

21
Q

action of ACTH

A

steroid biosynthesis in adrenal cortex

22
Q

action of GH

A

growth via insulin like growth factor IGF-1 (in the liver)

23
Q

action of prolactin

A

lactation

24
Q

what is the general structure of TSH, LH and FSH

A

heterodimeric glycoproteins
common alpha subunit
each has a specific beta subunit

25
Q

what is the structure of ACTH

A

39aa fragment of POMC

POMC also makes melanocortisone skin pigment and endorphins in the same process

26
Q

what is the general structure of GH and prolactin

A

190aa peptides
internal di-sulfide bonds
they have homologous receptors

27
Q

what is the pars intermedia

A

the intermediate lobe
between the anterior and posterior lobe
closely associated with pars nervose and separated from the pars distalis by the hypophyseal cleft

28
Q

what is the function of the intermediate lobe

A

very little function in humans

secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone?

29
Q

where are the anterior pituitary releasing/inhibiyory hormones released to to reach there

A

the median eminence of the third ventricle

30
Q

what receptor do hypothalamic releasing hormones act on

A

GPCR

  • AC-cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway for CRH and GHRH
  • Ca2+/PLC pathway for GnRH and TRH
31
Q

how is prolactin release controlled

A

under dominant negative control by dopamine (from arcuate nucleus)

32
Q

how does pituitary stalk damage affect prolactin secretion

A

will increase prolactin secretion
in women we see increased prolactin and increased lactation
sex drive change
increased breast tissue

33
Q

how can functional disconnection of pituitary gland occur

A 
cranial trauma
pituitary tumour 
inflammation
midline defects eg septo-optic dysplasia
defects in migration of hypothalamic neurones eg Kallmans syndrome
34
Q

how can hyposecretion of anterior pituitary hormones

A

adenohypophyseal cells sensitive to irradiation - particularly the somatotrophs

35
Q

what is the most common functional pituitary tumour

A

prolactinoma

  • causes galactorrhea
  • infertility due to suppression of the HPG axis
36
Q

what is Cushings disease caused by

A

ACTH - hypersecretion
from pituitary corticotrophs
or ectopic - from small cell lung tumours

37
Q

how many amino acids make up oxytocin

A

9

38
Q

what are the cellular actions of oxytocin on the boob

A

stimulation of milk ejection

target myoepithelial smooth muscle cells around alveoli of mamillary gland

39
Q

what are the cellular actions of oxytocin on the uterus

A

stimulate uterine smooth muscle contractions at birth
during late gestation get an increase in oxytocin receptors in uterine smooth muscles (causes irritability)
positive feedback nb - fergusson reflex

40
Q

what are the actions of oxytocin on maternal behaviour

A

nurturing attachment to baby

ESR (3 decks)

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