ESOL Praxis Prep Flashcards
1
Q
Behaviorist who said language learning the result of stimulus response, like everything else
A
BF Skinner
2
Q
Said language was too complex to learn through behaviorist model
A
Chomsky
3
Q
Constructivist focuses on assimilation/ accommodation. Theorized stages of cognitive development
A
Piaget
4
Q
ZPD
A
Zone of proximal development- zone between actual and potential development
5
Q
Theorists supports reciprocal teaching, and ZPD
A
Vygotsky
6
Q
Universal Grammar
A
Not all parts of language are innate; vocab must be taught, there is no systematic connection
7
Q
Pidgin
A
non language chaotic way to communicate
8
Q
non behaviorist; theorized brain has predisposition to learn language; it is innate no matter what language
A
Chomsky
9
Q
Generative Grammar
A
ability to learn rules without being aware
10
Q
SLA
A
Second Language Acquistion
11
Q
had 5 key hypothesis of SLA
A
Krashen
12
Q
Acqusition
A
Krashen - sub conscious process; learning more complex; adults do not lose ability to acquire language
13
Q
Natural Order Hypothesis
A
Krashen - predictable order to learned grammatical structures regardless of the L1 of the speaker; developmental; 4 levels; the order in level may vary, but must complete one level before going to the next.
14
Q
Monitor Hypothesis
A
Karshen - There are 3 types monitor over user, monitor under user, and optimal monitor users
15
Q
Monitor over user
A
concerened with correctness that they cannot speak fluently
16
Q
Montitor under user
A
Not conscious
17
Q
Input Hypothesis
A
Karshen - comprehensible input, then input+1; extending students to next level
18
Q
Affective filter hypothesis
A
Karshen - Must be comfortable; acqusition more important than learning; input+1
19
Q
Brain researhcer that said left side is responsible for language
A
Broca
20
Q
words we hear go to this part of the brain
A
Temporal Lobe
21
Q
words we see go to this part of the brain
A
Occiptal Lobe
22
Q
Communicative Competnece
A
Hymes - ability to use lanuage appropraite to particular social settings
23
Q
Said language development is the result of tension between invention adn convention
A
Goodman and Goodman
24
Q
SS
A
Surface level in reference to chomsky universal grammar
25
DS
deep level structure in reference to comsky universal grammar
26
Natural Order Hypothesis Level 1
ing(progressive), plural, copula (to be)
27
Natural Order Hypothesis Level 2
Auxiliary (progressing -- he is going) article a ,an the
28
Natural Order Hypothesis Level 3
Irregular past
29
Natural Order Hypothesis Level 4
regular past 3rd person singular --s he walks possessives
30
speaking words
frontal lobes - Broca's area
31
Two E's
Eliminate threat and enrich the environment
32
BICS
Soical Language; 0-2 years to learn; caught; Basic Interpersonal Communcation Skills
33
CALP
Academic Language; 5-7 years with previous learning; Cognitice Academic Language Profiency
34
graphophonic
sound realtionship between orthography (symbols) and phonology
35
Syntactic
sentence structure
36
Semantic
study of meaning
37
Pragmatic
the study of wats that context contributes to meaning
38
acculturation
adjustment to a new culture or setting
39
code switching
bilingual speakers changing from one language to another in conversation
40
avoidance
act of shunning
41
negative transfer
incorrectly applying L1 structures to L2. i am 10 years vs I have 10 years
42
register
formal vs informal
43
overgeneralization
over-applying a new rule
44
dialectal variation
variety of lanaugage distinguished by pronounciation, grammar, or vocabulary
45
coined phrase
idiomatic expression
46
self-correction
adjust, correct one's langauge
47
circumlocution
describing wrods when you do not know the specific word
48
modals
verbs that dont change; would, could, should
49
BAC
Bilingual Advisory Committee
50
affective filter
optimal input when is it low
51
Lau v Nichols
court case ruled "There no equality of treatment merely providing students the same facilities, textbooks, teahcers and curriculum for students who do not understand English
52
LEP
limited english Proficient
53
Who was the proponenet of behaviorism?
Skinner
54
Who championed generative grammar?
Chomsky
55
The frontal lobe of the brain is responsible for what?
Language
56
Krashen model contains____ hypothesis
5
57
```
universal grammar reflects all except
explicit knowledge
LAD
implicit knowledge
generative grammar
```
explicit knowledge
58
krashen hypothesis that describes a mental block
affective fitler hypothesis
59
krashen theory that realtes to "conscious learning"
monitor hypothesis
60
Playground language is known as
BICS
61
academic lanuage is known as
CALP
62
according to the order of morphemic acquisition the irregular past is elarned
before the regular past
63
according to the order of morphemic acquisition ___ is learned in the 1st level
-ing, plural, copula
64
sound relationship between orthography and phonology is
graphophonic
65
the study of meaning is
seamantic
66
study of ways context contribute to meaning is
pragmatic
67
setnence structure is
syntactic
68
code switching is
changing from one language to another in conversation
69
negative transfer is
incorrectly applying L1 structure to L2
70
circumlocatution is
describign a word you do not know
71
displacement is
using language to describe ideas abotu things that are not visible
72
Stages of Language Development - 1
Pre production - silent period; TPR methods; listening comprehension; benefit from buddy
73
Stages of Language Development - 2
Early Production - lasts up to 6 mon; receptive and active; yes/no ?'s; use pictures
74
Stages of Language Development - 3
Speech Emergencerds - simple phrases and short sentences; sound out stories
75
Stages of Language Development - 4
Intermediate fluency - 6000 words; ask ?'s to clarify
76
Stages of Language Development - 5
Fluency - 4-10 yrs CALP; near native in content area performance; extied from ESL
77
What is a minimal pair?
2 words that are different by a single phoneme; fair/care; fair/pear; fare/wear
78
what is a consonant digraph?
2 letters that come together to make 1 different sound
79
How can you tell passive voice?
if you can add "by" to a sentence it is passive voice
80
What is referred to as the point poast which th eLL cannot progress without exceptional effort o rmotivation?
Fossilization
81
what field of study is concerned with the meaning of words, idioms, and non-literal expressions?
semantics
82
how would focusing on specific minimal pars assit an ESOL student?
Helps them distinguish between differnt sounds
83
registers
formal vs informal
84
who's/ whose; sun/son; feet/feat are what kind of pairs
Homphones
85
Stops
complete blocking of air then releasing - 6
| b, p, d, t, g, k
86
Fricatives
constricting air flow through vocal tract - 9
| v, f, z, s, th (this), th (thing)
87
affricatives
sub-group of fricatives - brief stopping of air, release w/friction - 2 ch(church, watch); j, ge (Judge, badge)
88
Nasals
stop air flow in nasal cavity - 3 m, n, ng (sing)
89
liquids
smooth sounds - 2
| l,n
90
Glides
"semivowels" very little construcition of air flow
| - 2 /j/ yes; /w/ wet
91
voiced
vocal chords vibrate
| b, d, g, v, th (the), z, s(zh) pleasure
92
voiceless
vocal chords do not vibrate
| p, t, k, f, th(theta), s, sh (sure, ship)
93
phonetics
student of sounds across languages
94
phonology
study of the sounds of a language
95
morphology
study of word formation
96
syntax
study of pharases word order
97
semantics
study of meaning
98
pragmatics
study of how language is used to communicate in situational context
99
phoneme
sound
100
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
101
homophone
same sound, different spelling
102
bilabial
2 lips
103
alveolar
behind teeth
104
velar
furhter back
105
fricatives
think friction
106
Grammar translation
no phonetic role, writing, or direct iteacher; learn for translation
107
ALM
Audio-lingual-method; major role for phonology, drills, near native pronounciation
108
natural approach
teaching language for meaning
109
sustained content
learn language to learn content
110
allophone
phones that make up one phoneme
111
cummins
spelling theorists; BICS and CALP
112
free morphemes
units taht can stand along "tree"
113
bound morphemes
must be attached to a free morpheme as either a prefix or suffix; cannot stand alone
114
affix
a wrod element; all are bound morphemes
115
word recognition view
relies on phonics; sight words
116
structural analysis
looking for little words inside big words
117
sociopsycholinguistics
study of the human mind through speech and language; engages students in structural analysis
118
semiotics
study of relatiohsip between signs and what they mean
119
metalinguistic awareness
awareness of rules of a language
120
gerund
verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun
121
participle
verbal that is used as an adj and most often ends in -ing or -ed
122
Simple present
action in the present taking place once, never, or several times (always, every, never)
123
simple past
action in the past taking place once, never, or several times (yesterday, ago)
124
present perfect
putting emphasis on the result (already, ever, just)
125
past perfect
action taking place before a certain time in the past; putting emphasis only on the fact
126
future
action in the future that cannot be influenced (in a year, next, tomorrow)
127
future perfect
action that will be finished at a certain time in the future (by monday, in a week)
128
Modal Verbs
would, could, shall, should, ought, will, might, may, must
modlas come first in verb group; all modals (except ought) are followed by the base form of the verb; ought is followed by a "to" infinitive; modals have only one form; typically do not indicate time
129
What assessment would be appropriate for gathering info on what a student has learned in a science unit.
Achievement
130
a student demonstrates articulation problems in English. before referring for speech problems evaluation, it is important to determine...
whether the problem occurs when the student speaks his own language
131
student portfolio, observation checklists, reading logs and presentation are examples of
performace-based strategies
132
what type of evaluation would most likely be used by a teacher following the communicative language teaching approach?
an integrative test
133
what type of instructional approach includes test-taking techniques and study skills?
strategy-based instruction
134
what is most importnat to consider when placing and exiting ESOL students?
National, state, and local mandates and input from the students family
135
performance based assessments should not be used to...
assess content area knowledge
136
Which approach to teaching reading and writing emphasize meaning>
the lanugage experience approach
137
which approach to correcting speech errors is most appropriate for beginning language learners?
correcting only the errors taht interefere with communciating meaning
138
federal law requires a home language survey to any newly enrolled students to...
determine if a language other than or in addition to English is spoken at home.
139
name an example of a metacofnitive strategy
self-monitoring
140
those who argue that students should be allowed to use their home language in class cite what benefit?
it enhances exposure to developmentally appropriate content
141
what method incorporates problem solvign activities, projects with real life application, etc
constructivism
142
what teaching method utilizes drill and pattern practice
audiolingualism
143
subordinating teaching to learning best describes what teaching method?
silent way
144
emphasizing direct association with the target language best describes which teaching method?
total physical response
145
encouraging interaction with others in teh target language best describes which teaching method?
communicative language teaching
146
differentaited insturction does not include...
homogeneous assignments
147
which teaching method is based on explicit teaching of learning strategies?
the Cognitive academic language learning approach (CALLA)
148
in what order should writing, speaking, listening, and reading be tested?
in the order they are developed: listening, speaking, reading, writing
149
LAS
Langague assessment scale
150
IPT
idea proficiency test
151
KELPA
kansas english language proficiency assessment
152
achievement test
how much a students has learned/retained
153
proficiency test
not dependent on course contant, measures abilities
154
diagnostic test
screens to individuals strengths and weaknesses
155
placemnt tests
norm-referenced, levels of performance
156
Criterion-referenced test
set a standard whcih alla re expected to achieve
157
norm-referenced test
rank and sort scores against a normed group creating a bell curve; MAP norms
158
Placement test - direct
performs skills being tested
159
Placement test - indirect
relies on underlying skills
160
Placement test - discrete point
tests one thing at a time
161
Placement test - inegrative
tests several skills at once
162
Placement test - norm referenced
knowledge of test taker is compared to other test takers
163
Placement test - criterion referenced
knolwedge of test taker is compared to a level of achievement.
164
Prism Model
middle is the social/cultural process; made up of academic development, cognitive development, and language development
165
U curve hypothesis for acculturation
honeymoon (sense of euphoria), hostility (anxiety frustration), Humor (ill humor you), home (respect and affirm cross-cultural differences
166
context-embedded
story telling, pictures, paralinguistic cues
167
context reduced
phone conversations
168
Direct Method
use L2 in sturction and to communciate and think in L2. No translation; L1 never used.
169
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)
no translation, similar to direct method, uses drill and memorization no focus on meaning
170
The Silent Way
learning is most important, not teaching; teacher is silent; L1 not used
171
Functional-Notional Approach
organizes and breaks down global concepts into functions and notions
172
notion
particular context in which people communicate
173
function
specific purpose for a speaker in a given context
174
Community Language Learning
goal is to deal with anxiety that accompanies learning a new language; teacher is conselor and student is client; student generated syllabus
175
Total Physical Response
goal to create learning similar to L1 acquisition; low stress; heavy use of commands; kinesthetic sensory system used; teacher only corrects major errors.
176
Language Experience Approach (LEA)
orally realte to personal expereinces; emphasize meaning
177
Communicative Approach
work in small groups w/authentic materials; goal to teach communicative competence; L1 plays no role
178
Suggestopedia
goal is to lower the affective filter; learn at a faster pace for every day communication; use of L1 for explanations.
179
Natural Approach
Based on acquistion theories. provide low risk context for natural acquistion to occur.
180
Sheltered Instruction
grade level modified curriculum; scaffold, visual, kagan, guarded vocab; i+1; hands on; open environment
181
Sheltered Insturction Observation Protocol (SIOP)
like an umbrella that includes standards; differentiated instruction; student engagement; and lesson delivery i.e. good teaching
182
Integrated Content Based (ICB)
content and language
