ESOL Praxis Prep Flashcards
Behaviorist who said language learning the result of stimulus response, like everything else
BF Skinner
Said language was too complex to learn through behaviorist model
Chomsky
Constructivist focuses on assimilation/ accommodation. Theorized stages of cognitive development
Piaget
ZPD
Zone of proximal development- zone between actual and potential development
Theorists supports reciprocal teaching, and ZPD
Vygotsky
Universal Grammar
Not all parts of language are innate; vocab must be taught, there is no systematic connection
Pidgin
non language chaotic way to communicate
non behaviorist; theorized brain has predisposition to learn language; it is innate no matter what language
Chomsky
Generative Grammar
ability to learn rules without being aware
SLA
Second Language Acquistion
had 5 key hypothesis of SLA
Krashen
Acqusition
Krashen - sub conscious process; learning more complex; adults do not lose ability to acquire language
Natural Order Hypothesis
Krashen - predictable order to learned grammatical structures regardless of the L1 of the speaker; developmental; 4 levels; the order in level may vary, but must complete one level before going to the next.
Monitor Hypothesis
Karshen - There are 3 types monitor over user, monitor under user, and optimal monitor users
Monitor over user
concerened with correctness that they cannot speak fluently
Montitor under user
Not conscious
Input Hypothesis
Karshen - comprehensible input, then input+1; extending students to next level
Affective filter hypothesis
Karshen - Must be comfortable; acqusition more important than learning; input+1
Brain researhcer that said left side is responsible for language
Broca
words we hear go to this part of the brain
Temporal Lobe
words we see go to this part of the brain
Occiptal Lobe
Communicative Competnece
Hymes - ability to use lanuage appropraite to particular social settings
Said language development is the result of tension between invention adn convention
Goodman and Goodman
SS
Surface level in reference to chomsky universal grammar
DS
deep level structure in reference to comsky universal grammar
Natural Order Hypothesis Level 1
ing(progressive), plural, copula (to be)
Natural Order Hypothesis Level 2
Auxiliary (progressing – he is going) article a ,an the
Natural Order Hypothesis Level 3
Irregular past
Natural Order Hypothesis Level 4
regular past 3rd person singular –s he walks possessives
speaking words
frontal lobes - Broca’s area
Two E’s
Eliminate threat and enrich the environment
BICS
Soical Language; 0-2 years to learn; caught; Basic Interpersonal Communcation Skills
CALP
Academic Language; 5-7 years with previous learning; Cognitice Academic Language Profiency
graphophonic
sound realtionship between orthography (symbols) and phonology
Syntactic
sentence structure
Semantic
study of meaning
Pragmatic
the study of wats that context contributes to meaning
acculturation
adjustment to a new culture or setting
code switching
bilingual speakers changing from one language to another in conversation
avoidance
act of shunning
negative transfer
incorrectly applying L1 structures to L2. i am 10 years vs I have 10 years
register
formal vs informal
overgeneralization
over-applying a new rule
dialectal variation
variety of lanaugage distinguished by pronounciation, grammar, or vocabulary
coined phrase
idiomatic expression
self-correction
adjust, correct one’s langauge
circumlocution
describing wrods when you do not know the specific word
modals
verbs that dont change; would, could, should
BAC
Bilingual Advisory Committee
affective filter
optimal input when is it low
Lau v Nichols
court case ruled “There no equality of treatment merely providing students the same facilities, textbooks, teahcers and curriculum for students who do not understand English
LEP
limited english Proficient
Who was the proponenet of behaviorism?
Skinner
Who championed generative grammar?
Chomsky
The frontal lobe of the brain is responsible for what?
Language
Krashen model contains____ hypothesis
5
universal grammar reflects all except explicit knowledge LAD implicit knowledge generative grammar
explicit knowledge
krashen hypothesis that describes a mental block
affective fitler hypothesis
krashen theory that realtes to “conscious learning”
monitor hypothesis
Playground language is known as
BICS
academic lanuage is known as
CALP
according to the order of morphemic acquisition the irregular past is elarned
before the regular past
according to the order of morphemic acquisition ___ is learned in the 1st level
-ing, plural, copula
sound relationship between orthography and phonology is
graphophonic
the study of meaning is
seamantic
study of ways context contribute to meaning is
pragmatic
setnence structure is
syntactic
code switching is
changing from one language to another in conversation
negative transfer is
incorrectly applying L1 structure to L2
circumlocatution is
describign a word you do not know
displacement is
using language to describe ideas abotu things that are not visible
Stages of Language Development - 1
Pre production - silent period; TPR methods; listening comprehension; benefit from buddy
Stages of Language Development - 2
Early Production - lasts up to 6 mon; receptive and active; yes/no ?’s; use pictures
Stages of Language Development - 3
Speech Emergencerds - simple phrases and short sentences; sound out stories
Stages of Language Development - 4
Intermediate fluency - 6000 words; ask ?’s to clarify
Stages of Language Development - 5
Fluency - 4-10 yrs CALP; near native in content area performance; extied from ESL
What is a minimal pair?
2 words that are different by a single phoneme; fair/care; fair/pear; fare/wear
what is a consonant digraph?
2 letters that come together to make 1 different sound
How can you tell passive voice?
if you can add “by” to a sentence it is passive voice
What is referred to as the point poast which th eLL cannot progress without exceptional effort o rmotivation?
Fossilization
what field of study is concerned with the meaning of words, idioms, and non-literal expressions?
semantics
how would focusing on specific minimal pars assit an ESOL student?
Helps them distinguish between differnt sounds
registers
formal vs informal
who’s/ whose; sun/son; feet/feat are what kind of pairs
Homphones
Stops
complete blocking of air then releasing - 6
b, p, d, t, g, k
Fricatives
constricting air flow through vocal tract - 9
v, f, z, s, th (this), th (thing)
affricatives
sub-group of fricatives - brief stopping of air, release w/friction - 2 ch(church, watch); j, ge (Judge, badge)
Nasals
stop air flow in nasal cavity - 3 m, n, ng (sing)
liquids
smooth sounds - 2
l,n
Glides
“semivowels” very little construcition of air flow
- 2 /j/ yes; /w/ wet
voiced
vocal chords vibrate
b, d, g, v, th (the), z, s(zh) pleasure
voiceless
vocal chords do not vibrate
p, t, k, f, th(theta), s, sh (sure, ship)
phonetics
student of sounds across languages
phonology
study of the sounds of a language
morphology
study of word formation
syntax
study of pharases word order
semantics
study of meaning
pragmatics
study of how language is used to communicate in situational context
phoneme
sound
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
homophone
same sound, different spelling
bilabial
2 lips
alveolar
behind teeth
velar
furhter back
fricatives
think friction
Grammar translation
no phonetic role, writing, or direct iteacher; learn for translation
ALM
Audio-lingual-method; major role for phonology, drills, near native pronounciation
natural approach
teaching language for meaning
sustained content
learn language to learn content
allophone
phones that make up one phoneme
cummins
spelling theorists; BICS and CALP
free morphemes
units taht can stand along “tree”
bound morphemes
must be attached to a free morpheme as either a prefix or suffix; cannot stand alone
affix
a wrod element; all are bound morphemes
word recognition view
relies on phonics; sight words
structural analysis
looking for little words inside big words
sociopsycholinguistics
study of the human mind through speech and language; engages students in structural analysis
semiotics
study of relatiohsip between signs and what they mean
metalinguistic awareness
awareness of rules of a language
gerund
verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun
participle
verbal that is used as an adj and most often ends in -ing or -ed
Simple present
action in the present taking place once, never, or several times (always, every, never)
simple past
action in the past taking place once, never, or several times (yesterday, ago)
present perfect
putting emphasis on the result (already, ever, just)
past perfect
action taking place before a certain time in the past; putting emphasis only on the fact
future
action in the future that cannot be influenced (in a year, next, tomorrow)
future perfect
action that will be finished at a certain time in the future (by monday, in a week)
Modal Verbs
would, could, shall, should, ought, will, might, may, must
modlas come first in verb group; all modals (except ought) are followed by the base form of the verb; ought is followed by a “to” infinitive; modals have only one form; typically do not indicate time
What assessment would be appropriate for gathering info on what a student has learned in a science unit.
Achievement
a student demonstrates articulation problems in English. before referring for speech problems evaluation, it is important to determine…
whether the problem occurs when the student speaks his own language
student portfolio, observation checklists, reading logs and presentation are examples of
performace-based strategies
what type of evaluation would most likely be used by a teacher following the communicative language teaching approach?
an integrative test
what type of instructional approach includes test-taking techniques and study skills?
strategy-based instruction
what is most importnat to consider when placing and exiting ESOL students?
National, state, and local mandates and input from the students family
performance based assessments should not be used to…
assess content area knowledge
Which approach to teaching reading and writing emphasize meaning>
the lanugage experience approach
which approach to correcting speech errors is most appropriate for beginning language learners?
correcting only the errors taht interefere with communciating meaning
federal law requires a home language survey to any newly enrolled students to…
determine if a language other than or in addition to English is spoken at home.
name an example of a metacofnitive strategy
self-monitoring
those who argue that students should be allowed to use their home language in class cite what benefit?
it enhances exposure to developmentally appropriate content
what method incorporates problem solvign activities, projects with real life application, etc
constructivism
what teaching method utilizes drill and pattern practice
audiolingualism
subordinating teaching to learning best describes what teaching method?
silent way
emphasizing direct association with the target language best describes which teaching method?
total physical response
encouraging interaction with others in teh target language best describes which teaching method?
communicative language teaching
differentaited insturction does not include…
homogeneous assignments
which teaching method is based on explicit teaching of learning strategies?
the Cognitive academic language learning approach (CALLA)
in what order should writing, speaking, listening, and reading be tested?
in the order they are developed: listening, speaking, reading, writing
LAS
Langague assessment scale
IPT
idea proficiency test
KELPA
kansas english language proficiency assessment
achievement test
how much a students has learned/retained
proficiency test
not dependent on course contant, measures abilities
diagnostic test
screens to individuals strengths and weaknesses
placemnt tests
norm-referenced, levels of performance
Criterion-referenced test
set a standard whcih alla re expected to achieve
norm-referenced test
rank and sort scores against a normed group creating a bell curve; MAP norms
Placement test - direct
performs skills being tested
Placement test - indirect
relies on underlying skills
Placement test - discrete point
tests one thing at a time
Placement test - inegrative
tests several skills at once
Placement test - norm referenced
knowledge of test taker is compared to other test takers
Placement test - criterion referenced
knolwedge of test taker is compared to a level of achievement.
Prism Model
middle is the social/cultural process; made up of academic development, cognitive development, and language development
U curve hypothesis for acculturation
honeymoon (sense of euphoria), hostility (anxiety frustration), Humor (ill humor you), home (respect and affirm cross-cultural differences
context-embedded
story telling, pictures, paralinguistic cues
context reduced
phone conversations
Direct Method
use L2 in sturction and to communciate and think in L2. No translation; L1 never used.
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)
no translation, similar to direct method, uses drill and memorization no focus on meaning
The Silent Way
learning is most important, not teaching; teacher is silent; L1 not used
Functional-Notional Approach
organizes and breaks down global concepts into functions and notions
notion
particular context in which people communicate
function
specific purpose for a speaker in a given context
Community Language Learning
goal is to deal with anxiety that accompanies learning a new language; teacher is conselor and student is client; student generated syllabus
Total Physical Response
goal to create learning similar to L1 acquisition; low stress; heavy use of commands; kinesthetic sensory system used; teacher only corrects major errors.
Language Experience Approach (LEA)
orally realte to personal expereinces; emphasize meaning
Communicative Approach
work in small groups w/authentic materials; goal to teach communicative competence; L1 plays no role
Suggestopedia
goal is to lower the affective filter; learn at a faster pace for every day communication; use of L1 for explanations.
Natural Approach
Based on acquistion theories. provide low risk context for natural acquistion to occur.
Sheltered Instruction
grade level modified curriculum; scaffold, visual, kagan, guarded vocab; i+1; hands on; open environment
Sheltered Insturction Observation Protocol (SIOP)
like an umbrella that includes standards; differentiated instruction; student engagement; and lesson delivery i.e. good teaching
Integrated Content Based (ICB)
content and language
