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ESL Praxis Flashcards

1
Q

a general term that describes word forms that have two or more meanings. ex: can (able to) and can(a container)

A

Homonyms

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2
Q

two or more words that have the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings.
Ex: stalk (part of plant) stalk (to follow)

A

homographs

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3
Q

two or more words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and spelling.
ex: wood/would , cite/sight

A

Homophones

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4
Q

two or more words that have the same spelling but have a different pronunciation and meaning.
ex: Polish/polish

A

heteronyms

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5
Q

refers to a phoneme being spoken differently when it is near another phoneme.
ex: and ae nd is usually spoken as /n/ in rapid casual speech

A

Assimilation

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6
Q

a complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable.
ex: /oi/ in boil /i/ in fine are dipthongs

A

Diphthong

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7
Q

Omission of a sound between two words (usually a vowel and the end of one word or the beginning of the next).
ex: are going /r/ guen.

A

Elision

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8
Q

a complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant followed by a fricative.
ex; /ch/ in child and /j/ in joy

A

Affricative

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9
Q

a consonant characterized by fricitonal passage of the expired breath through a narrowing at some point in the vocal tract. ex: /v/, /shwa/, /short o/, /s/, /z/, /j/, /h/

A

fricatives

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10
Q

a stop or occlusive produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract.
/p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/

A

Plosives

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11
Q

shortening pronunciation of a word.
ex: wanna, gonna, gimme, lemme

A

reduction

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12
Q

/L/ like consonant sounds.
ex: lady, fly, tell

A

Laterals

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13
Q

sounds that are joined together , frequently a final consonant with an intitial consonant or a vowel with an initial vowel by inserting a /w/, or /y/.
ex:
turn off= turn off
so I = sowI
do all =dowall

A

Linking sounds

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14
Q

determines the context or meaning of words or series of words.
ex: I can’t go.
or I can’t go?

A

pitch

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15
Q

can modify the meaning of words or sentences.
CONflict (noun) stress the first syllable or conFLICT (verb)

A

stress

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16
Q

speech that is not spoken, but nevertheless, understood by the speaker.
ex: the headquarters of the amercian society is no longer located in florida. Sentences proposes the headquarters used to be in florida.

A

presupposition

17
Q

concerns implications the listener can make from utterances without actually being told. It includes presupposition.
ex: I tried to send an email. (implies I was unsuccessful)

A

implication associated with H.P. Grics

18
Q

use of stress and tone to convey meaning.
ex: Jonathon visited MIRIAM.
or Jonahthon VISITED Mirian.

A

Prosodic features

19
Q

utterances (goal directed actions) whose purpose is to get people to do things, speech, betting, agreeing on a plan.
Ex: I declare the Winter Olympics closed. (The act of closing the games)

A

Speech acts associated with J.L. Austin.

20
Q

The ball is in someone elses court

A

idiom

21
Q

a, e, i, o , u

A

primary cardinal vowels

22
Q

13 English monophthongs – vowel sounds that are made with a single position of the mouth (tongue, jaw, lips)
1. /iː/ NEED, BEAT, TEAM

  1. /ɪ/ THIN, SIT, RICH
  2. /ɛ/ WENT, BREAD, FRIEND
  3. /ɛː/ CARE, THERE, BEAR
  4. /a/ CAT, HAND, FAN
A

monophthongs

23
Q

a kind of phoneme that changes its sound based on how a word is spelled. Think of the letter t and what kind of sound it makes in the word “tar” compared with “stuff.” It’s pronounced with a more forceful, clipped sound in the first example than it is in the second.

A

allophone

24
Q

a union of three vowels (letters or sounds) pronounced in one syllable (as in some pronunciations of our ).
a vowel trigraph (as in b eau ).
ex: hour, fire, pure

A

triphthong

25
Q

smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another.
ex: for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.

A

phoneme

26
Q

conveys differences of expressive meaning (e.g., surprise, anger, or delight), and it can also serve a grammatical function.

A

Intonation

27
Q

a consonant sound produced by raising the blade, or front, of the tongue toward or against the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge (the gums). The German ch sound in ich and the French gn (pronounced ny) in agneau are palatal consonants.

A

palatal

28
Q

the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry

A

prosody

29
Q

means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as “and” or “or.

ex: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.

Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.

A

Parallel Structure

30
Q

include; prefixes such as un, re, dis. suffixes such as s/es, ed, er, ing. base words such as help, form.

un- event -ful and -ness

A

morpheme

31
Q

Any verb that is preceded by the word ‘to’.

Examples: ‘to love, to eat, to run, to believe, to follow, to laugh, to stare, to wonder

A

Infinitive

32
Q

need to be consistent with the subject of the sentence, whether it be singular, plural, or person. When there are unmotivated changes from singular to plural, this is called a pronoun shift, as in the following sentence:

“Classes were cancelled, but it will resume tomorrow.

A

pronoun shift

33
Q

is comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Example: Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very much

A

compound complex sentence

34
Q

a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

ex: After Troy ate a giant cookie, he got a stomachache

A

complex sentence

35
Q

Troy ate a giant cookie. He got a stomachache.

A

simple sentences

36
Q

time=These include after, as soon as, as long as, before, once, still, until, when, whenever, and while. For example, “I will do the dishes after everyone has gone home”

concession=include although, as though, and even though. An example would be, “Eliza wrote the Higgins report even though it was assigned to Colonel Pickering.”

comparision=include just as, though, whereas, in contrast to, and while

cause=using as, because, in order that, since, and so that.

condition=indicated by even if, if, in case, provided that, and unless. “If he’s going to be there, I’m not going to the party.

place= which determine where activities might occur, include where, wherever, and whereas.

A

categories of subordinating conjunctions

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