ESL Praxis Flashcards
a general term that describes word forms that have two or more meanings. ex: can (able to) and can(a container)
Homonyms
two or more words that have the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings.
Ex: stalk (part of plant) stalk (to follow)
homographs
two or more words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and spelling.
ex: wood/would , cite/sight
Homophones
two or more words that have the same spelling but have a different pronunciation and meaning.
ex: Polish/polish
heteronyms
refers to a phoneme being spoken differently when it is near another phoneme.
ex: and ae nd is usually spoken as /n/ in rapid casual speech
Assimilation
a complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable.
ex: /oi/ in boil /i/ in fine are dipthongs
Diphthong
Omission of a sound between two words (usually a vowel and the end of one word or the beginning of the next).
ex: are going /r/ guen.
Elision
a complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant followed by a fricative.
ex; /ch/ in child and /j/ in joy
Affricative
a consonant characterized by fricitonal passage of the expired breath through a narrowing at some point in the vocal tract. ex: /v/, /shwa/, /short o/, /s/, /z/, /j/, /h/
fricatives
a stop or occlusive produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract.
/p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/
Plosives
shortening pronunciation of a word.
ex: wanna, gonna, gimme, lemme
reduction
/L/ like consonant sounds.
ex: lady, fly, tell
Laterals
sounds that are joined together , frequently a final consonant with an intitial consonant or a vowel with an initial vowel by inserting a /w/, or /y/.
ex:
turn off= turn off
so I = sowI
do all =dowall
Linking sounds
determines the context or meaning of words or series of words.
ex: I can’t go.
or I can’t go?
pitch
can modify the meaning of words or sentences.
CONflict (noun) stress the first syllable or conFLICT (verb)
stress
speech that is not spoken, but nevertheless, understood by the speaker.
ex: the headquarters of the amercian society is no longer located in florida. Sentences proposes the headquarters used to be in florida.
presupposition
concerns implications the listener can make from utterances without actually being told. It includes presupposition.
ex: I tried to send an email. (implies I was unsuccessful)
implication associated with H.P. Grics
use of stress and tone to convey meaning.
ex: Jonathon visited MIRIAM.
or Jonahthon VISITED Mirian.
Prosodic features
utterances (goal directed actions) whose purpose is to get people to do things, speech, betting, agreeing on a plan.
Ex: I declare the Winter Olympics closed. (The act of closing the games)
Speech acts associated with J.L. Austin.
The ball is in someone elses court
idiom
a, e, i, o , u
primary cardinal vowels
13 English monophthongs – vowel sounds that are made with a single position of the mouth (tongue, jaw, lips)
1. /iː/ NEED, BEAT, TEAM
- /ɪ/ THIN, SIT, RICH
- /ɛ/ WENT, BREAD, FRIEND
- /ɛː/ CARE, THERE, BEAR
- /a/ CAT, HAND, FAN
monophthongs
a kind of phoneme that changes its sound based on how a word is spelled. Think of the letter t and what kind of sound it makes in the word “tar” compared with “stuff.” It’s pronounced with a more forceful, clipped sound in the first example than it is in the second.
allophone
a union of three vowels (letters or sounds) pronounced in one syllable (as in some pronunciations of our ).
a vowel trigraph (as in b eau ).
ex: hour, fire, pure
triphthong
smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another.
ex: for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.
phoneme
conveys differences of expressive meaning (e.g., surprise, anger, or delight), and it can also serve a grammatical function.
Intonation
a consonant sound produced by raising the blade, or front, of the tongue toward or against the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge (the gums). The German ch sound in ich and the French gn (pronounced ny) in agneau are palatal consonants.
palatal
the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry
prosody
means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as “and” or “or.
ex: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.
Parallel Structure
include; prefixes such as un, re, dis. suffixes such as s/es, ed, er, ing. base words such as help, form.
un- event -ful and -ness
morpheme
Any verb that is preceded by the word ‘to’.
Examples: ‘to love, to eat, to run, to believe, to follow, to laugh, to stare, to wonder
Infinitive
need to be consistent with the subject of the sentence, whether it be singular, plural, or person. When there are unmotivated changes from singular to plural, this is called a pronoun shift, as in the following sentence:
“Classes were cancelled, but it will resume tomorrow.
pronoun shift
is comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Example: Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very much
compound complex sentence
a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
ex: After Troy ate a giant cookie, he got a stomachache
complex sentence
Troy ate a giant cookie. He got a stomachache.
simple sentences
time=These include after, as soon as, as long as, before, once, still, until, when, whenever, and while. For example, “I will do the dishes after everyone has gone home”
concession=include although, as though, and even though. An example would be, “Eliza wrote the Higgins report even though it was assigned to Colonel Pickering.”
comparision=include just as, though, whereas, in contrast to, and while
cause=using as, because, in order that, since, and so that.
condition=indicated by even if, if, in case, provided that, and unless. “If he’s going to be there, I’m not going to the party.
place= which determine where activities might occur, include where, wherever, and whereas.
categories of subordinating conjunctions
