ESL Cert Flashcards
Study for certification test.
study of the production of sounds in speech
Phonetics
looks at the sounds and patterns of particular languages
Phonology
the way the voice rises and falls in speech
Intonation
emphasis placed on syllables or words
Stress
the smallest unit of meaning in a language
Morpheme
study of how morphemes are combined
Morphology
examines how words are constructed into phrases or sentences
Syntax
study of meaning in language
Semantics
a way to visually represent sounds
Transcription
occurs when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds; thus English language learners must study not only individual sounds but also unique sounds
Assimilation
occurs when sounds are omitted from the pronunciation of a word
Elision
occurs when sounds are rearranged in a word like when iron is pronounced iern
Metathesis
occurs when language learners incorrectly apply the rules of their native language to the rules of the language they are learning
interference/negative transfer
social skills students use in everyday life when in social situations
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
language needed for academic work and study
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALPS)
the process of procuring, comprehending, and utilizing language for communicative purposes
Language Learning
subconscious process in which language is internalized without deliberate intent
Language acquisition
Set of 5 hypotheses developed by Stephen Krashen
Monitor model
states that comprehensible input is necessary for students who are in the process of acquiring a new language
input hypothesis
the knowledge that is gained through formal learning is useful in certain settings, such as written work and in self-correcting when time permits
monitor hypothesis
posits that language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners
natural order hypothesis
addresses the emotional risks inherent in learning a new language
affective-filter hypothesis
shaped the theory of universal grammar
Noam Chomsky
states that children are born with the innate ability to understand the human voice and to distinguish between different parts of language
Universal Grammar
when one applies knowledge of a first language onto another; can be positive or negative
Transfer
when students find similarities between their native language and English and use those similarities to aid in their learning
Positive transfer
also referred to as interference, occurs when students incorrectly apply rules from their native language to their learning of English
Negative transfer
students often mix words from their first language in with the language they are learning
code-switching
learners must pass through each of the stages on their way to proficiency
Five Stages of Second-Language Acquisition
also known as silent period
Preproduction Stage
learners can now produce single-word and two to three-word phrases and can respond to questions and statements
Early Production Stage
learners are able to chunk simple words and phrases into sentences that may or may not be grammatically correct
Speech Emergence Stage
able to speak in more complex sentences
Intermediate Fluency Stage
have achieved cognitive language proficiency in their learned language
Advanced Fluency Stage
refers to providing accurate examples of speech and language for language learers
Language Modeling
new information that students are able to understand because it is introduced alongside information they already know
Comprehensible input
in place to support students and to allow them to grasp what might otherwise be out of reach
Scaffolding
asking questions, offering contextual details, providing visual clues and aids, provide a model of the process
Forms of Scaffolding
symbols used to represent phonemes
Graphemes
learners should start at the top and work their way down
Whole Language Approach
focuses on transferring students’ literacy skills independently
phonics/skills-based approach
uses learners prior knowledge and experiences to generate specific lessons that are designed to enhance the learning
Language Experience Approach
based on the principle that second languages should be acquired in much the same way as first languages
DIrect/Natural method
intended to maximize the time ELLs spend in general education content classrooms.
Push-In programs
provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level content while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction. Students do not attend classes with English-speaking students, but they study the same curriculum.
Sheltered Instruction
national education law that was passed by the US Congress in 1965 with the goal of establishing an equal educational opportunity for all students
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
continues government efforts to provide an equal educational opportunity for all students without some of the more inflexible and punitive conditions of NCLB
Every Student Succeeds Act
states that a human’s thoughts and actions are determined by the language which that person speaks
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
all human thought and action is totally controlled by language
linguistic determination
language only partially influences human thought and action
linguistic relativism
the process of adapting to a new culture
acculturation
honeymoon, hostility, humor and home
Four Stages of Acculturation
gave Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation as had only previously been given to African American students
Keyes v. School District No. 1 Denver (1969)
ruled schools in the district had an obligation to provide bilingual and English-learning instruction to non-English students in order for the students to receive adequate education
Lau v. Nichols (1974)
no state shall deny the access to equal education by “failing to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers”
Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
ELL programs must meet three requirements 1) the program must be based on sound academic theory 2)it must have adequate resources and personnel to implement it and 3) the program must conduct evaluation to determine if the language barriers of students are being overcome
Castaneda v. Pickard 1981
