Esl Flashcards
SLA
Second language acquisition
Phonology
The sound system; relationship between letters and sounds in a language. B has the /b/ sound. Tion has the /shun/ sound
Ball is made up of 3 phonemes: /b/ /aw/ /l/
The smallest unit of speech sound in language is the phoneme. The word cat has three phonemes /c/ /a/ /t/ represented by three graphemes
Morphology
The structure of words. The basic part of any word is the route. You can add a prefix at the beginning and/or a suffix at the end to change the meaning. For example, in the word unflattering, the route is simply flatter, while the prefix is un
A morpheme is the building blocks of words, the smallest linguistic unit which has a meaning or grammatical function. There are two basic types of morphemes.
Free Morpheme: A morpheme that can stand alone as a meaningful word (write in rewrite)
Bound Morpheme: a morpheme that cannot stand alone (re in rewrite)
Affixes: morpheme which are added to root words and stems.
Syntax
Phrase and sentence structure; The way words are put together in a language to form phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Example: we will go home after school. Not, after school to home we will go.
Semantics
Word and sentence meaning
Pragmatics
Effect of context on language; The study of the aspects of meaning in language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the contacts of utterance
Lexicon
A lexicon is the knowledge that a speaker has about a language. This information includes the form and meanings of words and phrases, lexical categorization, the appropriate usage of words and phrases, relationships between words and phrases and categories of words and phrases
Lexicon refers to vocabulary, either in general or in a specific subject or discipline.
Discourse
A continuous stretch of speech or written text, going beyond a sentence to express thoughts. For example, style in writing or rules of conversation. Cultural rules for conversation; example: taking turns, opening conversation (How are you?)
I don’t write the way we speak – differences between written and spoken discourse
Registers
Situational context is influenced by what is being talked/written about in the relationship between those speakers the situational context of language use is referred to as a language register.
Languages have five language registers – five language styles
The use of the appropriate register depends on the audience, the topic, and the purpose for the communication.
Frozen Register: pledge of allegiance, Lords prayer, preamble to the constitution (language that remains fixed/unchanged)
Formal/Academic Register: Interviews, academic language in classroom, public speaking
Consultative Register: Talking to a boss/supervisor/teacher, lawyer, doctor, counselor
Casual/Informal Register: Talking with friends, slang
Intimate Register: Language of lovers, sexual harassment
Cognates
True cognate- the word is spelled the same, meaning the same, but pronunciation will be different according to language structure of the words such as an accent mark. Example: English- rodeo Spanish- rodeo
Partial cognate – the word in other languages has the same origin but the spelling will differ. The meeting will be the same but the pronunciation due to the language structure will be different. Example: English- fragrance Spanish- frangancia
False cognate – the word in another language may have the same origin but will have different spelling and different meaning. Pronunciation will be different. Example: English- exit Spanish- exito (means false friend, not exit)
Phonemic awareness
A more specific language – sound consciousness inside the larger scale of phonological awareness. Phoneme awareness includes the ability to perceive the smaller sound segments of spoken words and to be aware of the difference between these phonemes, which can be manipulated and substituted to form different words
Phonological awareness
The ability to recognize that words are made up of a variety of sound units. This relates to a number of sound skills necessary for a person to develop as a reader. As a child develops phonological awareness he or she not only comes to understand that words are made up of small sound “chunks” known as syllables and each syllable begins with a sound (onset) and ends with another sound (rime).
BICS
Basic interpersonal communication skills- Tends to be informal
CALP
Cognitive academic language proficiency- tends to be formal
Sheltered English program
Content-based, accommodate ESL students at all English proficiency levels, and allow flexibility.
