esci Flashcards by Emmanuel Vincent F. Capuyan

Humankind used religion,
traditions, philosophy, and
science to describe the universe’s
origin and structure

Beliefs

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Genesis, a book of the Hebrew Bible
➔ It describes how a Divine Being
created the sky, land, sea, heavenly
bodies, and living creatures in a span
of six days

Creationism

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Rigveda, a sacred book of Hinduism
➔ It describes a cyclical or oscillating universe
called Brahmanda (cosmic egg) containing
the universe from a Bindu (a single
concentrated point)
➔ Created by the sleeping Maha Vishnu

Brahmanda

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Greek philosopher
➔ Believed the universe began as a sort of blob
of all these fundamental substances.
➔ Nous (mind) literally began rotating this
massive blob of substances, interact, thus
creating all physical things

Anaxagoras

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Greek philosophers
➔ Believed in an atomic universe, composed
of very small, indivisible, and
indestructible atoms and the void or
vacuum “atomism”
➔ Everything is interconnected

Leucippus and Democritus

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Greek philosophers
➔ Believed in geocentric universe
➔ The Earth stayed motionless in the
heavens and everything is revolving
around it

Aristotle and Ptolemy

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European astronomer in 1543
➔ Believed in heliocentrism
➔ The sun is the center of the universe,
motionless, with Earth and the other
planets orbiting around it in circular
paths

Copernicus

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Italian philosopher in 1584
➔ Believed that the solar system is not in
the center of the universe but merely a
another star system among an infinite
multitude of others

Bruno

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English astronomer in 1687
➔ Believed in a static, steady-state,
infinite universe
➔ It is without a centre or an edge, and of
infinite extent in all directions due to
gravity

Newton

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It is a universe that is stable and
doesn’t expand or contract

Static

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It is expanding but maintains a
constant average density.

Steady-state

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It is limitless or endless in space,
extent, or size; impossible to measure
or calculate

Infinite

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English astronomer in 1687
➔ Believed in a universe was full of
matter, made up of vortices or swirling
whirlpools of matter called
gravitational effects

Descartes

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Swiss mathematician in 1916
➔ Proposed the theory of relativity
➔ Believed the universe should not be
static, but that it ought to be
expanding

Einstein

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American astronomer in 1929
➔ Proposed the Hubble’s Law
➔ Believed that the greater the distance
of a galaxy from ours, the faster it
recedes

Hubble

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The invention of new types of
telescopes and sensors extended
humankind’s ability to observe
the farther regions of the
universe

Theories

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Lemaitre in 1927
➔ The universe started with an infinitely
hot and dense single point that inflated
and stretched, and still-expanding
cosmos that we know today

Big bang

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It was a violent explosion which caused
the inflation and expansion of the
universe.
➔ Fundamental forces formed: gravity,
electromagnetic force, strong nuclear
force, and weak nuclear force

Big bang

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➔ Hubble in 1929
➔ supports via his observation of galactic
redshifts
➔ things farther away from Earth were
moving away faster

Big bang

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Penzias and Wilson in 1965
➔ Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
➔ It is the cooled remnant of the first light
that could ever travel freely throughout the
Universe
➔ “Echo” or “shockwave” of the Big Bang

Big bang

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➔ Haarmann in 1930
➔ It is a cosmological model that
combines both the Big Bang and the
Big Crunch as part of a cyclical event
➔ “expand then shrink” cycle

Oscillating Universe

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Hoyle, Gold, and Bondi in 1948
➔ The universe is constantly expanding but
with a fixed average density
➔ Matter is always created to form galaxies
and stars at the same speed as the old ones
become destroyed

steady state

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Matter is constantly created the as the universe expands

steady state cosmology

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matter dilutes as the universe expands

big bang cosmology

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Guth in 1930 ➔ The universe underwent a short and sudden episode of great expansion 10 to 36s after the Big Bang ➔ Steinhardt and Turok in 2002 ➔ Cyclic model, endless Big Bang and Big Crunch

Inflationary Universe

Linde in 1983 ➔ There are infinity of universes, all with their own laws of physics, their own collections of stars and galaxies ➔ Everett III and De Witt in the 60’s and 70’s ➔ “many worlds”

Multiverse

It is made up of our star, the Sun, and everything bound to it by gravity – the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; dwarf planets Pluto, Ceres, Makemake, Haumea, and Eris – along with hundreds of moons; and millions of asteroids, comets, and meteoroids.

Solar System

It is a representation of an idea, an object, or even a process that is used to describe and explain a phenomenon that cannot be experienced directly

Model

Alexandrian astronomer and mathematician Claudius Ptolemy ➔ “Ptolemaic system” ➔ It places the Earth as the center of the Solar System.

Geocentric

Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus ➔ The sun is at rest near the center of the Universe, and that the Earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the Sun.

Heliocentric

It is an assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true

Hypothesis

Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace ➔ “Kant-Laplace Nebular Hypothesis” ➔ It presumes that the Solar System began as a cloud of dispersed interstellar gas called nebula

Nebular

A spinning cloud of dust made of mostly light elements, called a nebula, flattened into a protoplanetary disk, and became a solar system consisting of a star with orbiting planets ➔ massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds (GMC)

Nebula

Clouds made up of hydrogen particles ➔ Before the nebula is stable, it is believed that a nearby supernova resulted in the disruption of a nebula. ➔ This disruption created areas of high density, and as these areas were formed, gravity acted, pulling other materials to it

nebular

The denser the nebula became, the more heat it produced that resulted in the formation of the Sun

nebular

Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton ➔ Proposed that a star passed close enough to the sun, creating huge tides and causing materials “planetesimals” to be ejected ➔ The accretion of these solar debris created larger bodies or “protoplanets”.

Chamberlin-Moulton Planetesimal Hypothesis

James Hopwood Jeans and Harold Jeffreys ➔ Suggested that when a huge tidal wave was created from the sun’s collision with another star. ➔ This set up tidal forces, and the instability of the Sun resulted in part of its mass being torn off to form the planets.

Jean-Jeffreys’ Tidal Theory

Carl von Weizsacker and Gerard Kuiper ➔ The solar system began with a fragment from an interstellar cloud composed mainly of hydrogen, helium, and trace amounts of light elements ➔ Dense regions in the cloud form and coalesce

Protoplanet

➔ The fragments of the interstellar cloud then formed the dense central region of the solar nebula, eventually evolved into the sun ➔ The accretion continued and formed into larger asteroid-sized planetesimals, which orbited the center of the solar nebula

protoplanets

The planetesimals differ in chemical composition ➔ The ones near the central portion became the terrestrial planets ➔ The gas giants formed in the outer disk

Protoplanet

Life would not have begun without water ➔ Photosynthesis requires water to produce biomass and oxygen (essential component of the atmosphere) ➔ It can exist in liquid form since it is within

Liquid Water

Water released through volcanism 2. Water that came from icy meteors of the outer regions of the solar system that bombarded Earth (is in the “habitable zone”)

sources

When the mantle rocks melt, the water dissolves into the magma ➔ As the magma rises towards the surface and cools, pressure is reduced, crystals form and the water is released and emitted as vapour through volcanoes ➔ With this mechanism, water from great depth can be degassed to the surface

Volcanism

Both asteroids and comets visit the Earth and are known to harbor ice. ➔ Models of the compositions of asteroids and comets suggest that they even harbor enough ice to have delivered an amount of water equal to Earth's oceans

Icy Meteors

Heat coming from Earth ➔ Caused by radiogenic heat from radioactive decay of materials in the core and mantle ➔ Via volcanism and plate movement

Internal

Certain elements, known as radioactive elements such as potassium, uranium, and thorium, break down through a process known as radioactive decay, and release energy ➔ This radioactive decay in Earth's crust and mantle continuously adds heat and slows the cooling of the Earth

Radiogenic Heat

Volcanism can cause long term increases in average temperatures by releasing greenhouse gases, but at a very slow rate over millions of years

Volcanism

Earth’s solid crust acts as a heat insulator for the hot interior of the planet. Magma is the molten rock below the crust, in the mantle ➔ Tremendous heat and pressure within the earth cause the hot magma to flow in convection currents

Heat provided by the sun is in the form of radiation which enters Earth ➔ As sunlight strikes Earth, some of the heat is trapped by a layer of gases called atmosphere

External

The atmosphere is responsible for the occurrence of greenhouse phenomenon, a natural process which maintains heat

external

It is infrared radiation that produces the warm feeling on our bodies ➔ Most of the solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, and much of what reaches the Earth's surface is radiated back into the atmosphere to become heat energy.

Sun’s Radiation

some of the incoming radiation is reflected by earths surface and atmosphere back out to space

reflection

most radiation is absorbed by the earths surface and warms it

absorption

The greenhouse effect is the process through which heat is trapped near Earth's surface by substances known as 'greenhouse gases.' (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and water vapor) ➔ Act as acozy blanket enveloping our planet, helping to maintain a warmer temperature than it would have otherwise

Greenhouse Effect

The motions of the sun and planets happen simultaneously. Earth’s motion is evidenced by the daily rotation and the yearly revolution.

motion of the earth

It is the amount of time that it takes to turn around once on its axis (an imaginary line about which a body rotates). ➔ It is tilted 23.5 degrees. ➔ 2 kinds: sidereal day and solar day

earths rotation

It is the amount it takes for Earth to turn on its axis. ➔ It takes 23 hrs 56 min 4.0905 sec ➔ 360 degrees

Sidereal

It is the amount it takes for Earth to turn on its axis. ➔ It takes 24 hrs ➔ 360.9856 degrees

solar

The simultaneous rotation and revolution of the Earth make it possible to support life. ➔ A flow of energy is received through solar radiation

earths motion

production of food

photosynthesis

animals via melanin produced by melanocytes protects the organism from UV rays

protection

: driven by solar radiation on water

weather and climate

23.5 degrees tilt

seasons

it is combination of meteorological circumstances like pressure humidity wind and temperature in a determined time and place

weather

it is combination of atmospheric conditions characterize areas of the planet

Climate

The solid Earth ➔ The rocks, minerals, and landforms of the surface and interior ➔ Includes geologic landforms such as mountains and hills

geosphere

The total amount of water on a planet ➔ The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. ➔ A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice ➔ On Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes, and rivers

Hydrosphere

An atmosphere is made of the layers of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body ➔ Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases.

Atmosphere

space station

exosphere

aurora

thermosphere

meteors

mesosphere

weather balloon

stratosphere

jet or hot air balloon

troposphere

The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists—all ecosystems ➔ The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees, to the dark environments of ocean trenches, to lush rainforests, high mountaintops, and transition zones like this one, where ocean

biosphere

esci Flashcards

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