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esci Flashcards

1
Q

Humankind used religion,
traditions, philosophy, and
science to describe the universe’s
origin and structure

A

Beliefs

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2
Q

Genesis, a book of the Hebrew Bible
➔ It describes how a Divine Being
created the sky, land, sea, heavenly
bodies, and living creatures in a span
of six days

A

Creationism

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3
Q

Rigveda, a sacred book of Hinduism
➔ It describes a cyclical or oscillating universe
called Brahmanda (cosmic egg) containing
the universe from a Bindu (a single
concentrated point)
➔ Created by the sleeping Maha Vishnu

A

Brahmanda

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4
Q

Greek philosopher
➔ Believed the universe began as a sort of blob
of all these fundamental substances.
➔ Nous (mind) literally began rotating this
massive blob of substances, interact, thus
creating all physical things

A

Anaxagoras

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5
Q

Greek philosophers
➔ Believed in an atomic universe, composed
of very small, indivisible, and
indestructible atoms and the void or
vacuum “atomism”
➔ Everything is interconnected

A

Leucippus and Democritus

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6
Q

Greek philosophers
➔ Believed in geocentric universe
➔ The Earth stayed motionless in the
heavens and everything is revolving
around it

A

Aristotle and Ptolemy

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7
Q

European astronomer in 1543
➔ Believed in heliocentrism
➔ The sun is the center of the universe,
motionless, with Earth and the other
planets orbiting around it in circular
paths

A

Copernicus

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8
Q

Italian philosopher in 1584
➔ Believed that the solar system is not in
the center of the universe but merely a
another star system among an infinite
multitude of others

A

Bruno

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9
Q

English astronomer in 1687
➔ Believed in a static, steady-state,
infinite universe
➔ It is without a centre or an edge, and of
infinite extent in all directions due to
gravity

A

Newton

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10
Q

It is a universe that is stable and
doesn’t expand or contract

A

Static

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11
Q

It is expanding but maintains a
constant average density.

A

Steady-state

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12
Q

It is limitless or endless in space,
extent, or size; impossible to measure
or calculate

A

Infinite

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13
Q

English astronomer in 1687
➔ Believed in a universe was full of
matter, made up of vortices or swirling
whirlpools of matter called
gravitational effects

A

Descartes

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14
Q

Swiss mathematician in 1916
➔ Proposed the theory of relativity
➔ Believed the universe should not be
static, but that it ought to be
expanding

A

Einstein

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15
Q

American astronomer in 1929
➔ Proposed the Hubble’s Law
➔ Believed that the greater the distance
of a galaxy from ours, the faster it
recedes

A

Hubble

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16
Q

The invention of new types of
telescopes and sensors extended
humankind’s ability to observe
the farther regions of the
universe

A

Theories

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17
Q

Lemaitre in 1927
➔ The universe started with an infinitely
hot and dense single point that inflated
and stretched, and still-expanding
cosmos that we know today

A

Big bang

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18
Q

It was a violent explosion which caused
the inflation and expansion of the
universe.
➔ Fundamental forces formed: gravity,
electromagnetic force, strong nuclear
force, and weak nuclear force

A

Big bang

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19
Q

➔ Hubble in 1929
➔ supports via his observation of galactic
redshifts
➔ things farther away from Earth were
moving away faster

A

Big bang

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20
Q

Penzias and Wilson in 1965
➔ Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
➔ It is the cooled remnant of the first light
that could ever travel freely throughout the
Universe
➔ “Echo” or “shockwave” of the Big Bang

A

Big bang

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21
Q

➔ Haarmann in 1930
➔ It is a cosmological model that
combines both the Big Bang and the
Big Crunch as part of a cyclical event
➔ “expand then shrink” cycle

A

Oscillating Universe

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22
Q

Hoyle, Gold, and Bondi in 1948
➔ The universe is constantly expanding but
with a fixed average density
➔ Matter is always created to form galaxies
and stars at the same speed as the old ones
become destroyed

A

steady state

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23
Q

Matter is constantly created the as the universe expands

A

steady state cosmology

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24
Q

matter dilutes as the universe expands

A

big bang cosmology

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25
Q

Guth in 1930
➔ The universe underwent a short and sudden
episode of great expansion 10 to 36s after the
Big Bang
➔ Steinhardt and Turok in 2002
➔ Cyclic model, endless Big Bang and Big
Crunch

A

Inflationary Universe

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26
Q

Linde in 1983
➔ There are infinity of universes, all with their
own laws of physics, their own collections of
stars and galaxies
➔ Everett III and De Witt in the 60’s and 70’s
➔ “many worlds”

A

Multiverse

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27
Q

It is made up of our star, the Sun, and everything
bound to it by gravity – the planets Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune; dwarf planets Pluto, Ceres, Makemake,
Haumea, and Eris – along with hundreds of
moons; and millions of asteroids, comets, and
meteoroids.

A

Solar System

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28
Q

It is a representation of an idea, an
object, or even a process that is used to
describe and explain a phenomenon that
cannot be experienced directly

A

Model

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29
Q

Alexandrian astronomer and
mathematician Claudius Ptolemy
➔ “Ptolemaic system”
➔ It places the Earth as the center of the
Solar System.

A

Geocentric

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30
Q

Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus
➔ The sun is at rest near the center of
the Universe, and that the Earth,
spinning on its axis once daily, revolves
annually around the Sun.

A

Heliocentric

31
Q

It is an assumption, an idea that is
proposed for the sake of argument
so that it can be tested to see if it
might be true

A

Hypothesis

32
Q

Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon
Laplace
➔ “Kant-Laplace Nebular Hypothesis”
➔ It presumes that the Solar System
began as a cloud of dispersed
interstellar gas called nebula

A

Nebular

33
Q

A spinning cloud of dust made of mostly light
elements, called a nebula, flattened into a
protoplanetary disk, and became a solar system
consisting of a star with orbiting planets
➔ massive and dense clouds of molecular
hydrogen—giant molecular clouds (GMC)

A

Nebula

34
Q

Clouds made up of hydrogen particles
➔ Before the nebula is stable, it is believed that a
nearby supernova resulted in the disruption of
a nebula.
➔ This disruption created areas of high density,
and as these areas were formed, gravity acted,
pulling other materials to it

A

nebular

35
Q

The denser the nebula became, the more
heat it produced that resulted in the
formation of the Sun

A

nebular

36
Q

Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and Forest Ray
Moulton
➔ Proposed that a star passed close enough to
the sun, creating huge tides and causing
materials “planetesimals” to be ejected
➔ The accretion of these solar debris created
larger bodies or “protoplanets”.

A

Chamberlin-Moulton Planetesimal Hypothesis

36
Q

James Hopwood Jeans and Harold Jeffreys
➔ Suggested that when a huge tidal wave was
created from the sun’s collision with another
star.
➔ This set up tidal forces, and the instability of
the Sun resulted in part of its mass being torn
off to form the planets.

A

Jean-Jeffreys’ Tidal Theory

37
Q

Carl von Weizsacker and Gerard Kuiper
➔ The solar system began with a fragment from
an interstellar cloud composed mainly of
hydrogen, helium, and trace amounts of light
elements
➔ Dense regions in the cloud form and coalesce

A

Protoplanet

38
Q

➔ The fragments of the interstellar cloud then
formed the dense central region of the solar
nebula, eventually evolved into the sun
➔ The accretion continued and formed into larger
asteroid-sized planetesimals, which orbited the
center of the solar nebula

A

protoplanets

39
Q

The planetesimals differ in chemical
composition
➔ The ones near the central portion became the
terrestrial planets
➔ The gas giants formed in the outer disk

A

Protoplanet

40
Q

Life would not have begun without water
➔ Photosynthesis requires water to produce
biomass and oxygen (essential component
of the atmosphere)
➔ It can exist in liquid form since it is within

A

Liquid Water

41
Q

Water released through volcanism
2. Water that came from icy meteors of
the outer regions of the solar system
that bombarded Earth (is in the
“habitable zone”)

A

sources

42
Q

When the mantle rocks melt, the water dissolves
into the magma
➔ As the magma rises towards the surface and cools,
pressure is reduced, crystals form and the water is
released and emitted as vapour through volcanoes
➔ With this mechanism, water from great depth can
be degassed to the surface

A

Volcanism

43
Q

Both asteroids and comets visit the Earth and are
known to harbor ice.
➔ Models of the compositions of asteroids and
comets suggest that they even harbor enough ice
to have delivered an amount of water equal to
Earth’s oceans

A

Icy Meteors

44
Q

Heat coming from Earth
➔ Caused by radiogenic heat from
radioactive decay of materials in the
core and mantle
➔ Via volcanism and plate movement

A

Internal

45
Q

Certain elements, known as radioactive elements
such as potassium, uranium, and thorium, break
down through a process known as radioactive
decay, and release energy
➔ This radioactive decay in Earth’s crust and mantle
continuously adds heat and slows the cooling of
the Earth

A

Radiogenic Heat

46
Q

Volcanism can cause long term increases in
average temperatures by releasing
greenhouse gases, but at a very slow rate
over millions of years

A

Volcanism

47
Q

Earth’s solid crust acts as a heat insulator for the
hot interior of the planet. Magma is the molten
rock below the crust, in the mantle
➔ Tremendous heat and pressure within the earth
cause the hot magma to flow in convection
currents

A

Earth’s solid crust acts as a heat insulator for the
hot interior of the planet. Magma is the molten
rock below the crust, in the mantle
➔ Tremendous heat and pressure within the earth
cause the hot magma to flow in convection
currents

48
Q

Heat provided by the sun is in the form
of radiation which enters Earth
➔ As sunlight strikes Earth, some of the
heat is trapped by a layer of gases
called atmosphere

A

External

49
Q

The atmosphere is responsible for the
occurrence of greenhouse
phenomenon, a natural process which
maintains heat

A

external

50
Q

It is infrared radiation that produces the warm
feeling on our bodies
➔ Most of the solar radiation is absorbed by the
atmosphere, and much of what reaches the Earth’s
surface is radiated back into the atmosphere to
become heat energy.

A

Sun’s Radiation

51
Q

some of the incoming radiation is reflected by earths surface and atmosphere back out to space

A

reflection

52
Q

most radiation is absorbed by the earths surface and warms it

A

absorption

53
Q

The greenhouse effect is the process through
which heat is trapped near Earth’s surface by
substances known as ‘greenhouse gases.’ (carbon
dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide,
chlorofluorocarbons, and water vapor)
➔ Act as acozy blanket enveloping our planet, helping
to maintain a warmer temperature than it would
have otherwise

A

Greenhouse Effect

54
Q

The motions of the sun and planets
happen simultaneously. Earth’s motion
is evidenced by the daily rotation and
the yearly revolution.

A

motion of the earth

55
Q

It is the amount of time that it takes to
turn around once on its axis (an imaginary
line about which a body rotates).
➔ It is tilted 23.5 degrees.
➔ 2 kinds: sidereal day and solar day

A

earths rotation

56
Q

It is the amount it takes for Earth
to turn on its axis.
➔ It takes 23 hrs 56 min 4.0905 sec
➔ 360 degrees

A

Sidereal

57
Q

It is the amount it takes for Earth
to turn on its axis.
➔ It takes 24 hrs
➔ 360.9856 degrees

A

solar

58
Q

The simultaneous rotation and revolution
of the Earth make it possible to support
life.
➔ A flow of energy is received through solar
radiation

A

earths motion

59
Q

production of food

A

photosynthesis

60
Q

animals via melanin produced
by melanocytes protects the organism
from UV rays

A

protection

61
Q

: driven by solar
radiation on water

A

weather and climate

62
Q

23.5 degrees tilt

A

seasons

63
Q

it is combination of meteorological circumstances like pressure humidity wind and temperature in a determined time and place

A

weather

64
Q

it is combination of atmospheric conditions characterize areas of the planet

A

Climate

65
Q

The solid Earth
➔ The rocks, minerals, and landforms of the
surface and interior
➔ Includes geologic landforms such as
mountains and hills

A

geosphere

66
Q

The total amount of water on a planet
➔ The hydrosphere includes water that is on the
surface of the planet, underground, and in the
air.
➔ A planet’s hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice
➔ On Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the
form of oceans, lakes, and rivers

A

Hydrosphere

67
Q

An atmosphere is made of the layers of
gases surrounding a planet or other
celestial body
➔ Earth’s atmosphere is composed of about
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one
percent other gases.

A

Atmosphere

68
Q

space station

A

exosphere

69
Q

aurora

A

thermosphere

70
Q

meteors

A

mesosphere

71
Q

weather balloon

A

stratosphere

72
Q

jet or hot air balloon

A

troposphere

73
Q

The biosphere is made up of the parts of
Earth where life exists—all ecosystems
➔ The biosphere extends from the deepest
root systems of trees, to the dark
environments of ocean trenches, to lush
rainforests, high mountaintops, and
transition zones like this one, where ocean

A

biosphere

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