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ESCI 1005 Final > ESCI 1005 Final > Flashcards

ESCI 1005 Final Flashcards

1
Q

A plate could be completely destroyed?

A

True

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2
Q

About how far above the surface does Earth’s atmosphere extend?

A

100km

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3
Q

About how many major tectonic plates are there?

A

10

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4
Q

Bonds formed by valence electrons shared between a pair of atoms are called?

A

Covalent

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5
Q

Continental crust is easily subducted

A

False

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6
Q

Continental crust is typically thinner than oceanic crust?

A

False

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7
Q

Continents move with plates

A

True

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8
Q

Diamond and graphite are

A

polymorphs

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9
Q

Diamond forms at shallow depths in the Earth’s crust

A

False

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10
Q

Earth has never suffered a large asteroid impact

A

False

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11
Q

Earth started cold and has heated up?

A

False

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12
Q

Earth’s tectonic plates are about how thick?

A

100km

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13
Q

Glass is a mineral?

A

False

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14
Q

In what century did Wegener publish his theory about continental drift?

A

20th

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15
Q

One form of olivine has the chemical formula Mg2Si04. In this mineral, Mg is acting as a ____?

A

Cation

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16
Q

Cations

A

an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge.

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17
Q

Ordinary ice is a mineral?

A

True

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18
Q

Polymorphs are variants of one mineral?

A

False

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19
Q

Polymorphs

A

polymorphism is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure.

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20
Q

Protein crystals are minerals?

A

False

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21
Q

Seismicity is very common in continental interiors?

A

False

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22
Q

Some plates have no oceanic lithosphere in them?

A

False

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23
Q

Table salt is not a mineral because it is organic?

A

False

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24
Q

The amount of land surface hasn’t changes much at all through Earth’s history?

A

False

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25
Q

The bonds that hold sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) together in the mineral halite are covalent?

A

False

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26
Q

The chemical composition of quartz is?

A

SiO2

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27
Q

The planets in the solar system all orbit the Sun in the same direction?

A

True

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28
Q

Two or more minerals can share the exact same chemical composition?

A

True

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29
Q

What does ocean bathymetry do as you move away from mid-ocean ridges?

A

grow larger (water depth increases)

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30
Q

What layer has remained unchanged since the birth of the earth?

A

none of these

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31
Q

What two elements account for almost all of the Earth’s atmosphere?

A

N and O

Nitrogen & Oxygen

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32
Q

What two elements account for almost all of the dissolved content (salinity) in ocean water?

A

Na and Cl

Sodium & Chlorine

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33
Q

Which bond type is most common in minerals?

A

ionic

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34
Q

Which bond type tends to produce minerals that dissolve in water most readily?

A

ionic

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35
Q

Which compositional layer has the greatest volume?

A

mantle

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36
Q

Which element is a common component of Earth’s crust?

A

Fe

Iron

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37
Q

Which mineral group is the most abundant in the Earth’s crust and mantle?

A

silicates

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38
Q

Which of the following combination of properties is unique to a mineral?

A

composition and crystalline lattice

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39
Q

Which of the following is a significant plate driving force?

A

Slab pull

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40
Q

Which of the following is a type of plate boundary?

A

Transform, divergent, convergent

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41
Q

Which of the following is the closest to the age of the Earth (in years)? Recall that 1 billion equals 1000 million.

A

4500 million

4.5 billion

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42
Q

Which of the following is considered strong proof of oceanic plate subduction?

A

deep earthquakes

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43
Q

Which of the following is not a true chemical bond (ie doesn’t involve exchange or sharing of electrons)?

A

van der Waals

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44
Q

Which of the following is not one of the “big four” elements comprising the bulk Earth?

A

H
(Hydrogen)
(Mg, O, Si, Fe)

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45
Q

Which of the following mechanical layers is the weakest?

A

asthenosphere

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46
Q

Which plate boundary is least often associated with volcanism?

A

Transform

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47
Q

Which value is closest to the average depth of the oceans? Recall the one km equals 1000 meters.

A

4000m

4 km

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48
Q

Which value is closest to the deepest bathymetry on Earth?

A

10 km

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49
Q

A large, irregular shaped body of crystallized magma in the subsurface is a ____?

A

pluton

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50
Q

A nearly horizontal layer of igneous rock is called ____?

A

Sill

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51
Q

Cross bedding is an indication of ____?

A

deposition from a moving fluid

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52
Q

Earth’s magnetic field is static, the product of magnetic minerals in the crust, mantle and core?

A

False

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53
Q

Earth’s magnetic field resembles that of a giant bar magnet but changes with time?

A

True

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54
Q

Going from largest clast size to smallest, which of the following is the correct ordering?

A

gravel, sand, silt, clay

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55
Q

Magma and lava are completely synonymous?

A

False

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56
Q

Magmas contain nothing but molten rock?

A

False

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57
Q

Mature sediment is ____?

A

more rounded

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58
Q

Melting in subduction zones is largely a result of?

A

water

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59
Q

Melting rock is a common occurrence in the mantle?

A

False

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60
Q

Metamorphism involves melting?

A

False

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61
Q

Metamorphism usually changes rock composition?

A

False

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62
Q

Most magmas and lavas are silicic (ie crystallize into rocks with abundant silicate minerals)?

A

True

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63
Q

Ocean crust is chemical closest to which of the following?

A

gabbro

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64
Q

Pyroclastic material comprises of sills and dikes?

A

False

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65
Q

Relative to sediment near the top of an accumulation, sediment near the base was?

A

deposited earlier

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66
Q

Ripples are static features formed by interaction of wind and/or water and the rocky surface?

A

False

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67
Q

Ripples propagate up or downstream?

A

downstream

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68
Q

Seafloor magnetic lineations are visible in ocean bathymetry?

A

False

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69
Q

Sediments accumulate deep in the crust?

A

False

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70
Q

Sediments become sedimentary rock with time- nothing else is needed?

A

False

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71
Q

Sediments deposited in the same layer at the same time but in different places must be practically identical?

A

False

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72
Q

Shield and strato volcanoes represent two different ends of the volcano morphology spectrum?

A

True

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73
Q

Silicate minerals are common in igneous rocks?

A

True

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74
Q

The composition of melt and the parent solid are identical?

A

False

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75
Q

The geotherm is _____.

A

none of the above

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76
Q

The horizontal banding obvious in many sedimentary rocks is called?

A

Bedding

77
Q

Foliation

A

repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks

78
Q

The last time Earth’s magnetic field completely reversed polarity was closest to how many years ago?

A

1 million

79
Q

The temperature of most lavas is less than 500 degree celsius

A

False

80
Q

There is lots of metamorphic rock exposed in MN?

A

True

81
Q

Volcanic ash is little different from chimney ash?

A

False

82
Q

Volcanic bombs are large sized tephra?

A

True

83
Q

Volcanic island chains in the Pacific are arrayed in lines. This is because they represent magma leaking out through long cracks in the crust?

A

False

84
Q

What rock you start with is all that matters in categorizing metamorphic rocks?

A

False

85
Q

Which characteristic is not an important part of SEDIMENTARY rock classification?

A

Color

86
Q

Which gas is not commonly emitted by volcanoes?

A

none of the above

sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor

87
Q

Which magma is more likely to be explosive?

A

one that would crystallize into a rhyolite

88
Q

Which of the following is not a type of METAMORPHISM?

A

Magnetic

regional, hydrothermal, contact, burial

89
Q

Which of the following is the most common type of METAMORPHISM on land?

A

regional

90
Q

Which physical characteristic is not important in naming IGNEOUS rocks?

A

Color

91
Q

Which setting is associated with deep sediment accumulations?

A

fore-arc basin
rifted continental margin
accretionary prism

92
Q

You find a rock that is light in color, has large crystals, is mostly quartz and potassium feldspar and outcrops in St. Cloud MN. It is most likely ____?

A

Granite

93
Q

A graded stream is no longer moving sediment?

A

False

94
Q

A one-hundred year flood could happen two years in a row?

A

True

95
Q

A well-sorted gravel is likely to have greater porosity than a silty sandstone (sandstone with some silt sized grains)?

A

True

96
Q

All ground water is fresh?

A

False

97
Q

Deltas can form in lakes?

A

True

98
Q

Freshwater is less dense than salt water?

A

True

99
Q

Groundwater commonly moves at velocities of meters a day or more?

A

False

100
Q

Mantle outgassing occurs everywhere and at all times as water slowly escapes the mantle?

A

False

101
Q

Most of the world’s oceans are underlain by abyssal plains?

A

True

102
Q

Most of the world’s water is saline?

A

True

103
Q

Natural levees form primarily during floods?

A

True

104
Q

Oceans cover about what percentage of the planet?

A

70%

105
Q

On which side of a river bend would you expect to find a sand or point bar?

A

inside

106
Q

One can discern the direction of longshore drift by examining the amount of sand on the two side of a jetty or groin?

A

True

107
Q

Permeability varies little between different rock types?

A

False

108
Q

Small, steep mountain streams have higher competence than major trunk streams?

A

False

109
Q

Stream long profiles are concave up?

A

True

110
Q

Streams with high discharge and low sediment supply can erode below base level?

A

False

111
Q

Surface currents and water waves are the same thing?

A

False

112
Q

Surface currents rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere?

A

True

113
Q

The Atlantic Ocean off the east coast of the US has high salinity because evaporation significantly exceeds precipitation there?

A

True

114
Q

The cations that comprise part ocean salinity are largely from terrestrial weathering?

A

True

115
Q

The ease of erosion of clasts increases as the size of the clasts decreases, continuing to the smallest clast size?

A

False

116
Q

The net transport of water is parallel to average wind direction?

A

False

117
Q

The oceans are really one interconnected ocean?

A

True

118
Q

The peak discharge during a one-hundred year flow is exactly twice that of a fifty-year flood?

A

False

119
Q

The residence time of water in the atmosphere is about two weeks?

A

True

120
Q

The residence time of water in the oceans is about two weeks?

A

False

121
Q

The water in Earth’s oceans today has been there since the formation of the planet?

A

False

122
Q

The water table is visible within 1 km of the classroom?

A

True

123
Q

There is no strong evidence that the amount of water on Earth’s surface has changed dramatically in the last 100 Ma?

A

True

124
Q

Thermohaline circulation is driven by density variations of seawater?

A

True

125
Q

Tsunamis are just long wavelength ocean waves?

A

True

126
Q

Turbulent flow is better at carrying sediment?

A

True

127
Q

Urban construction, especially concrete, has reduced the likelihood of flooding in urban floodplains?

A

False

128
Q

Water can both leave the mantle and go back in?

A

True

129
Q

Wave base is about what fraction of wavelength deep?

A

One-half

130
Q

Wave refraction creates longshore drift or, at least, accentuates it?

A

False

131
Q

What typically happens with distance downstream to the average size of clasts carried by a river?

A

Decreases

132
Q

What would have the higher angle of repose?

A

a mixture of sand and gravel

133
Q

Which of the following is a place where surface water descends to form deep water?

A

North Atlantic

134
Q

Which of the following is not a means of removing dissolved content from ocean water?

A

volcanic outgassing

formation of evaporates, hydrothermal alteration, clay deposition

135
Q

Which of the following is not a potential sink of sand to a beach?

A

Offshore transport

136
Q

Which of the following is not a potential source of sand to a beach?

A

none of the above

dune erosion, stream discharge, longshore drift, onshore transport

137
Q

Which of the following is least likely cause of a stream terrace?

A

rise in stream base level

increase in stream discharge, regional uplift, decrease in sediment supply

138
Q

Which type of sediment transport has the fastest average sediment velocity?

A

suspended load

139
Q

Which value is closest to the amplitude of the tides in open water?

A

1 m

140
Q

Which value is closest to the average salinity of ocean water?

A

40 per mil

141
Q

Without a moon, Earth would not have ocean tides?

A

False

142
Q

A fault is simply a crack in a rock?

A

False

143
Q

A fault cuts both a fold and an igneous intrusion proves the intrusion is older than the fold?

A

False

144
Q

How large was the largest recorded earthquake?

A

9.5

145
Q

About how many years old did Bishop Ussher believe the Earth to be?

A

6000 years

146
Q

Aerobic bacteria appear in the geologic record more than 1 billion years ago?

A

True

147
Q

An eroded syncline has the oldest rocks outcropping near the fold axis?

A

False

148
Q

Carbon 14 would be a great method to assign ages to fossil organisms from the Cambrain?

A

False

149
Q

Dip is measured in degrees east of north?

A

False

150
Q

Ductile deformation is common in the deep crust and mantle?

A

True

151
Q

Faults are expressions of brittle deformation?

A

True

152
Q

From longest to shortest, order the divisions of geologic time:

A

eon, era, period, epoch

153
Q

Hominids and dinosauria overlapped in time?

A

False

154
Q

If you drill horizontally far enough through a hanging wall in both directions, you will reach the footwall (along one of the two directions)?

A

True

155
Q

In a normal fault, the hanging wall moves up relative to the food wall?

A

False

156
Q

In which rock types would you be most likely to find a fossil?

A

Sedimentary

157
Q

In which tectonic setting would you most expect normal faulting?

A

Divergent boundary

158
Q

Insects predate mammals?

A

True

159
Q

Strike-slip faults

A

vertical (or nearly vertical) fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally

160
Q

Lord Kelvin thought the Earth was relatively young based on?

A

Heat flow

161
Q

Meteorites were used to estimate the age of the Earth using cross-cutting relationships?

A

False

162
Q

Motion of fault blocks is parallel to the fault?

A

True

163
Q

Mountains are anticlines and valleys are synclines?

A

False

164
Q

Normal faults are the product of which type of stress?

A

Tension

165
Q

Normal faults result in horizontal _____?

A

extension

166
Q

Organisms with hard parts became common in the Archean?

A

False

167
Q

Oxygen in the atmosphere has been pretty much constant throughout Earth’s history?

A

False

168
Q

Prokaryotes appeared before eukaryotes?

A

True

169
Q

Rocks above the brittle-ductile transition are more likely to behave?

A

in a brittle fashion

170
Q

Slickensides are evidence of fault motion?

A

True

171
Q

The amplitude of ground motion of a magnitude 6 earthquake is how large compared to a magnitude 5 earthquake?

A

10 x larger

172
Q

The Cambrian explosion refers to a massive meteorite impact?

A

False

173
Q

The diversity and number of species and genera on Earth has been continuously and steadily increasing through the last 500 Ma?

A

False

174
Q

The largest mass extinction that we know of was the KT boundary?

A

False

175
Q

The limbs dip away from the axis of kind of fold?

A

anticline

176
Q

The radiometric age (age est. by dating using radioactive isotopes) of a rock isn’t affected by metamorphism?

A

False

177
Q

The Richter scale is a measure of earthquake damage?

A

False

178
Q

Two isotopes of the same element differ in the number of?

A

neutrons

179
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

none of the above

180
Q

What is unconformity?

A

evidence of missing time in the rock record

181
Q

What is the approximate depth of the brittle-ductile transition?

A

10 km

182
Q

What is the final daughter product of Uranium decay?

A

Lead

183
Q

What is the half-life of a radioactive isotope?

A

the time it takes for half of the original amount to decay

184
Q

When did fish first appear in the fossil record?

A

Ordovician

185
Q

Which of the following is not a type of stress?

A

Surface

186
Q

What is unlikely to be a good key bed?

A

a thin layer of extrusive igneous rock

187
Q

Which of the following makes ductile deformation LESS likely?

A

increase strain rate

188
Q

Which type of unconformity is the erosional surface between parallel sets of sedimentary strata?

A

disconformity

ESCI 1005 Final (1 decks)

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