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ESAS chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Environment value system

A

a model that shows the inputs affecting our perspectives and the outputs resulting from those perspectives

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2
Q

Ecocentrism

A

environment is the centre
Favours small scale low technology lifestyle
Less materialism

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3
Q

Anthropocentrism

A

World centres around humans
Resources to provide for humans
Nature is there to benefit nature
Sustainable growth

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4
Q

Technocentrism

A

Revolves around technology which provides all of the solutions to environmental problems
Unlimited economic growth can be achieved

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5
Q

system

A

set of interrelated parts that make up a whole (digestive system)

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6
Q

Anthroposphere

A

the part of the world that is made/ modified by humans - reduces the biosphere as the humans degrade habitats

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7
Q

Transfer of matter or energy

A

moves from one place to another and it doesn’t change state or chemical composition (ex. Chemical energy in the form of sugars moves from herbivore to carnivore, water moving from river to sea)

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8
Q

Transformation of energy or matter

A

Change of state occurs here (ex. Solar panels convert light energy into heat energy, evaporation)

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9
Q

Closed systems

A

exchange of only energy not matter (The earth can be thought of as almost a closed system)

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10
Q

Open system: exchange of energy and matter (plants) - there are many open systems

A

exchange of energy and matter (plants) - there are many open systems

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11
Q

stable equilibrium

A

tendency of the system to return to its previous equilibrium after a disturbance - climax community

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12
Q

Steady state

A

inputs are balanced with the outputs (water tank where the input of the water is as much as the output) (mature climax forest)

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13
Q

Unstable state

A

returns to a new equilibrium after disturbance

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14
Q

Negative feedback

A

Stabilizes a system (predator prey interactions) (ice caps melt → more water → more evaporation → more cloud cover which reflect back the heat and then temperatures are reduced)

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15
Q

Positive feedback

A

exchaurates change leading to instability because of the system crossing its equilibrium towards a tipping point and forms a new equilibrium point (eutrophication in ponds) (ice caps melting → revealing of black soil which absorb solar radiation and reduces the albedo effect and leads to increases temperatures)

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16
Q

Tipping point

A

When an ecosystem crosses a tipping it will not longer return to its original equilibrium and will form a new equilibrium (deforestation → reduces regional rainfall → increased dryness → increases fire risk → increases forest fires) (extinction of a keystone species )

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17
Q

Keystone species

A

species that have a large influence on their ecosystem relative to their population size they are considered the glue of the ecosystem (wildebeest in the mara, bees, elephants, sea otters)

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18
Q

Complexity

A

the more complex the healthier the system because of lower reliance of each species (central indian forests have different types of prey)

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19
Q

Simple ecosystems

A

monocultures which are vulnerable to sudden spread of pest of disease (palm oil)

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20
Q

Resilience

A

the ability of an ecosystem to return to its original state after change/ disturbance

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21
Q

Factors that affects resilience

A

Complexity and diversity
Genetic diversity
Biodiversity
Size (larger better)
Versatility of species (leopards)
Rate of reproduction

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22
Q

Emergent properties

A

properties of a system as a whole but not a part of the individual part of a system (all of the parts face together forms a face)

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23
Q

Models of systems

A

a simplified representation of a real system

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24
Q

strengths of models

A

-Easy to understand/use
-Helps with prediction
-Helps identify patterns
-Can be applied to other similar situatiuation

25
Limitations of models
-Sometimes do not show the complexity of the real system -Too simplified -Wrong assumptions can lead to wrong models Inputs can affect accuracy
26
Sustainability
doing something at a rate which does not compromise the needs of future generations
27
Environmentally sustainable
use of natural resources at a rate that allows for replacement of these resources and the regeneration of ecosystems
28
Social sustainability
Creating structures and systems that support human wellbeing (healthcare, education)
29
Economic sustainability
Economic structures and systems that supports production and consumptions that will support human needs into the future
30
Natural income
the yield/harvest from natural resources
31
Natural capital
all of the natural resources of earth including rock, soil, air, water, and all living things and it also includes services that support life like photosynthesis and the water cycle
32
Sustainable development
fair and just and leaves a healthy environment with enough natural income to provide for future generations - required all three pillars of sustainability to be in balance
33
Renewable natural capita
something can be replaced as fast as it is being used
34
Non renewable
Non renewable
35
Green GDP
includes the environmental factors like biodiversity losses and costs due to climate change plus the GDC)
36
Ecological overshoot
When the demand of the natural world has exceeded what the world can provide in a year - this is due to overconsumption
37
name some sustainability indicators
-Biodiversity -Pollution levels -Human population size -Climate change -Ecological and carbon -footprints
38
Ecological footprint (EF)
A model that estimates the demand of the human population on the environment
39
Carrying capacity
the maximum number of individuals that an area can sustainably support
40
Carbon footprint
the amount of greenhouse gasses produced (measures in co2)
41
name four sustainability models
-Sustainable development goals -Planetary boundaries model -Doughnut economics model -Circular economy model
42
Uses of SDGs
-Clear objectives -Common goals and collective agenda -Tangible
43
Limitations of SDGs
-Tough to achieve and not legally binding -Top down and bureaucratic -Ignores local contexts -Lack of reliable data -Ignores inequalities of countries
44
Strengths of planetary boundaries model
-Science based limits -Focuses on more than just climate change -Displays urgency through colour
45
Limitations of planetary boundaries model
-Focuses on ecological systems not human action -Work in progress -Focus on global boundaries may not be useful for country level action
46
Uses of doughnut economic model
-Includes both ecological and social elements -Reached popular awareness -Used at different scales
47
Limitations of doughnut economic model
-Work in progress -Will not work if individuals are solely focused on their own wealth -Does not have specific policies
48
Principles of circular economy model
-Eliminate waste and pollution -Circulating the products -Regenerate
49
Strengths of circular economy model
-Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions -Reduction of waste -Regeneration of natural resources
50
Limitations of circular economy model
-Lack of regulations -Requires high investment -Huge shifts in consumer habits -Some waste is not recyclable
51
Species
a group of organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
52
Population
A group of organisms of the same species in a given area in a given time period which are capable of interbreeding
53
Community
A group of two or more species living in the same area at the same time
54
Habitat
The environment where a specie normally lives
55
Niche
Abiotic and biotic factors required by organisms to survive
56
Biotic factors
The living components of an ecosystem - how the organisms relate to other factors like the environment, predators/prey, competitors and mates, living conditions
57
Abiotic factors
how much space, light, air, water soil components
58
Ecological niche
the role of a species in an ecosystem
59
Ecosystem
a system made up of organisms and their physical environment and the interaction between the abiotic and biotic components Interspecific competition -

Esas (2 decks)

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