How is bromine industrially produced (from a solution)?
- Cl is added to a sample of sea water to displace Br- ions
- Steam is blown, Br vapour and water is given off
- Vapours condensed, two layers form (Br and H2O)
- Dense Br layer is run off
- Impure Br is distilled and dried
What is a redox reaction?
A reaction where oxidation and reduction take place.
OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain
What is oxidation?
- gain of oxygen
- loss of electrons
- an increase in oxidation number
What is reduction?
- loss of oxygen
- gain in electrons
- a decrease in oxidation number
What happens to oxidising agents?
they are reduced
What happens to reducing agents?
they are oxidised
What oxidation state do elements/diatomic molecules have?
0
What is the oxidation state of fluorine?
-1
What is the oxidation state of oxygen?
-2 (except when combined with F or O2 ion)
What is the oxidation state of chlorine?
-1 ( except when combined with F or O)
What is the oxidation state of bromine?
-1 (except when combined with O, F or Cl)
What is the oxidation state of iodine?
-1 (except when combined with O, F, Cl or Br)
What is the oxidation state of hydrogen?
+1 (except when in a metal hydride - NaH)
What is the oxidation state of group 1?
+1
What is the oxidation state of group 2?
+2
What is the oxidation state of aluminium?
+3
What is a systematic name?
Name that has a Roman numeral in brackets - the numeral being the oxidation state of one of the elements in a compound.
What are the rules for systematic names?
- Oxidation states are only used for elements with variable oxidation states
- The number shows the oxidation state of a previous element
- No space between the name and number
State the Roman numerals?
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
What is an oxyanion?
An anion (negative ion) with oxygen in it - ends in ate.
What is the oxidation state and name of a ClO- ion?
+1 - chlorate(I)
What is the oxidation state and name of a ClO2- ion?
+3 - chlorate(III)
What is the oxidation state and name of a ClO3- ion?
+5 - chlorate(V)
