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ES 321 Final > ES 321 Final > Flashcards

ES 321 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural Landscapes*

A
  • Cultural & physical medium through which people form perceptions and are formed.
  • Includes creation stories, fishing/hunting practices, ceremonial places, travel routes, community histories, etc.
  • Is constantly evolving
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2
Q

Culture is the ___, natural area is the ___, the cultural landscape is the ____.

A

agent
medium
result

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3
Q

Social Space

A
  • active role in social relations

- shaping the land has social meaning

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4
Q

Space

A
  • Structures what is possible in terms of movement, visibility, present & future productivity, etc.the
  • Physical territory
  • Objective
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5
Q

Place

A
  • Invested with stories, histories, memories, etc.
  • Space with meaning
  • Subjective
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6
Q

Kincentricity*

A
  • The belief that humans and nature are part of an extended ecological family that shares ancestry & origins
  • Acknowledges that a healthy environment is achievable only when humans regard life around them as kin
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7
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

-The idea that the environment and its parameters determine what occurs within that landscape (culture, settlement, society, etc.)
Critique: ignores the fact that humans influence their environment through time & space

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8
Q

The Raramuri

A
  • Believe that all things have a soul and share the same breath
  • Humans used to be part plant, and when they emerged into the present world, so did plants and animals as “humans in a different form”
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9
Q

What might happen if we saw the ‘resources’ around us as family members: cousins, siblings, etc.?

A
  • If we have this kincentric view, we would be far less likely to thoughtlessly exploit resources into extinction, and we would take extreme measures to protect them
  • Valuable/worthy of respect
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10
Q

Laguna Pueblo

A
  • New Mexico
  • It was not until they recognized humans were sisters and brothers to all life that they could “emerge” and become humans on Earth
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11
Q

“The Land Ethic”

A
  • Each individual member of the community is ethically bound to maintain cooperative relations with the biotic community.
  • Enlarges the community to include soil/water/plants/animals…“the land”
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12
Q

CMT

A
  • Culturally Modified Trees

- eg. Stripping cedarbark to build canoes; involves respect and acknowledgment of the dynamic nature of life

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13
Q

Traditional Food Systems*

A
  • Used to identify all culturally accepted foods within a particular culture available from local native sources; very diverse
  • Includes management, beliefs, histories, practices, TEK, relationships, etc.
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14
Q

Cultural Keystone Species

A
  • Plants/animals foundational to a culture, in terms of diet, materials, medicine, etc.
  • Cultural icons, without which societies would be very different; featured in language, ceremonies, narratives, etc.
  • e.g. salmon & blue camas for Coast Salish
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15
Q

“Country Foods”

A
  • Term used by the Inuit to describe traditional foods
  • Provide shared cultural connection between family & community
  • Bring people together at community events
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16
Q

“Earth Ovens”

A
  • Used to process (Balsam) roots

- Very resilient food system in the long term

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17
Q

The Nutrition Transition

A
  • Decline in use of traditional foods=increased consumption of processed foods
  • Has led to obesity, alcoholims, diabetes, and other health concerns among indigenous groups
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18
Q

Threats to traditional food systems include…

A
  • Habitat destruction/degradation
  • Access (loss of traditional territory, relocation, lack of time/resources, etc.)
  • Environmental contamination (heavy metals, POPs, etc.)
19
Q

Food Security

A

When all people at all times have physical & economic access to nutritious food that meets dietary needs and preferences in quantity to maintain an active/healthy lifestyle

20
Q

Fallowing

A

Letting cultivated land rest for a certain period of time before using it again because over use depletes the soils nutrients

21
Q

Crop Rotation

A

Growing different types of crops in various seasons

22
Q

Anthropogenic Soil

A
  • Anthropogenic refers to environmental alterations resulting from the presence or activities of humans
  • Soils originating as a result of human activity, either created deliberately or inadvertently
23
Q

Terra Preta

A
  • Anthropogenic soil in the Amazon Basin made by adding charcoal, bone, and manure
  • “black soil”
  • Product of indigenous soil management that is very productive and continues to regenerate itself
24
Q

Biochar

A
  • Created through gasification… burning biomass in the absence or reduction of oxygen
  • Key component of Terra Preta
25
Q

Shell Midden

A
  • Rich soils in BC
  • Often viewed as the unintentional disposal of waste, BUT it was using soil & waste intentionally (to increase productivity or build platforms)
26
Q

Why is Western redcedar a Cultural Keystone Species?

A
  • Considered the “Tree of Life”
  • Wood is lightweight, rot-resistant, splits easily, and can be removed without killing the tree
  • Versatile: used for shelter, clothes, tools, medicine, art, etc.
  • Culturally Modified Tree (bark stripping, aboriginal logging, dendroglyph)
27
Q

Dendroglyphs

A

Carvings in trees using to mark trails, territory, etc.

28
Q

What does “Keeping it Living: mean?

A
  • Not adversely affecting populations by overharvesting/damage
  • Maintaining the ability for species to continue to grow/reproduce
  • Maintaining health of all life in an ecosystem
  • Maintaining the knowledge, skills, and wolrdviews that support sustainable resource use
  • Includes: selective harvesting, tilling, weeding, burning, fertilizing
29
Q

Define Cultural Keystone Place and it’s main attributes

A
  • Places of high cultural salience for a particular group , critical to their identity and well-being
  • Reflected by the people’s origin stories, place-baced narratives, discourse, art
  • “Virtually every square foot shows evidence of human influence”
  • eg. Cadboro Bay
30
Q

Examples of plant management

A

-Burning
-Weeding/Cleaning
-Tilling
-Transplanting
-Habitat creation/enhancement
-

31
Q

Burning

A

Prescribed low intensity burns, usually as a rotation over several years to increase productivity; eg. blue camas

32
Q

Weeding/Cleaning

A

Manual pulling or digging out of brush or weedy growth, removing large rocks, removing harmful plants

33
Q

Habitat Creation/enhancement

A

Creating new drainage, light, or nutrient regimes through digging, cutting trees etc.; eg. estuarine root gardens, terracing

34
Q

Tilling

A

Turning over the soil to enhance moisture, aerate the soil, cycle nutrients, and make harvesting easier; eg. camas prairies

35
Q

Pruning/Coppicing

A

Cutting branches/upper growth of a tree or shrub to stimulate new growth; eg. salmonberry, Saskatoon berries.

36
Q

Selective/partial/rotational harvesting

A

Taking only a portion of a plant or only some individuals from a population; eg. western redcedar bark harvestin

37
Q

Coastal Migration Theory suggests the peoples arriving in North America for the first time were already…

A

Marine adapted

38
Q

What is “management”?

A

Set of actions taken to guide a system towards achieving desired goals and outcomes
-Management system= sum of these actions/goals/objectives; the process through which they are legitimized, and the institutions/actors involved

39
Q

Order of events in fishing season for Saanich reefnet fishery

A
  • The Calling of the Salmon Ceremony
  • Dropping of the Anchor Ceremony (4 main anchors into position)
  • The First Salmon Ceremony
  • End of Season Ceremony (indicated by the sound of the cricket)
40
Q

What is a fish weir?

A

-Structure built of wooden posts placed within stream intended to capture fish as they swim with the current

41
Q

What is a clam garden?

A
  • Clam gardens are beach flats that have been expanded for clams to grow in a larger area of a specific intertidal zone. Has been creating a more productive and predictable food source for 100+ years.
  • Similar to terracing- reducing gradient to create a larger productive surface area
  • Complex interaction between people, sea level, and clams over space and time
42
Q

Herring

A
  • Staple food, central to social, cultural, and economic relations of coastal Indigenous communities…Herring fishery a critical management problem and aboriginal rights and title issue today
  • Example of SBS (archaeological record indicates a pattern of consistent abundance)
  • TEK is helping to reimagine what herring management should look like
43
Q

Shifting Baseline Syndrome

A

-Herring have been mismanaged as populations have been compared to short term data rather than natural conditions… meaning that the “baseline” has been “shifting”

ES 321 Final (1 decks)

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