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Clinical Lab II > Erythrocytes, Terms, and Cell Morphology > Flashcards

Erythrocytes, Terms, and Cell Morphology Flashcards

0
Q
A

Poikilocytosis

Associated with

  • Liver problems
  • Kidney problems
  • Splenic problems
  • Vessel problems
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1
Q
A

Acanthocyte

(Spurr cell)

  • Multiple, irregularly spaced, club shaped projections
  • Normal possibility in cattle
  • Neoplasms
  • Hepatic lipidosis
  • Liver dysfunction/disease
  • Renal disease
  • DIC
  • Splenic disease (hemangiosarcoma)
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2
Q

RBC Maturation Sequence

A
  • Rubriblast
  • Prorubricyte
  • Rubricyte
  • Metarubricyte
  • Polychromatophil (reticulocyte)
  • Erythrocyte
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3
Q
A

Rubriblast

  • Large round nucleus with one or more nucloli
  • Thin rim of royal blue cytoplasm
  • Should only be seen in bone marrow
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4
Q
A

Prorubricyte

  • Round nucleus
  • Royal blue cytoplasm
  • Rarely seen in peripheral blood
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5
Q
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Rubricyte

  • Dark purple nucleus + blue/black chromatin clumps
  • Seen in anemia
  • One of youngest forms of RBC that should be seen in peripheral blood
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6
Q
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Metarubricyte

(NRBC’s - Nucleated Red Blood Cells)

  • Similar in size to small lymphocyte
  • Dark blue nucleus
  • Some eosinophilic cytoplasm (pink/faint red)
  • Increased #’s a concern & reported as # NRBC’S per 100 RBC
  • One of youngest forms that should be seen in peripheral blood
  • Regenerative anemia
  • Neoplasia
  • Associated with lead toxicity
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7
Q
A

Polychromatophil

(Reticulocyte)

  • No nucleus
  • Slightly basophilic ctytoplasm
  • NMB stains cell light green & RNA precipates show as purple dots/strands, in this case referred to as reticulocyte
  • Punctate & aggregate (aggregate shown)
  • Regenerative anemia
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8
Q
A

Erythrocyte

(Normocyte)

  • Mature cell
  • Pink color
  • Central pallor (except cats)
  • May be oval or nucleated in some species
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9
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Variation in size of RBC’s

  • Early cell release from bone marrow due to anemia
  • Increased RBC production
  • Iron deficiency
  • Amount varies with species (cat, cow)
  • Graded as mild/moderate/marked
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10
Q

Macrocytosis

A

Increased number larger than normal

  • Usually immature
  • Polychromatic
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11
Q

Microcytosis

A

Increased number smaller than normal

  • Decreased MCV
  • Associated with iron deficiency (in high numbers)
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12
Q

Normocytic

A

Normal sized mature RBC’s

  • Poodles - increased size (MCV)
  • Akitas - smaller size
  • Nucleated in reptiles, birds, and amphibians
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13
Q

Hypochromasia

A

Paler than normal color

  • Decreased color (abnormally pale)
  • Increased central pallor, narrow rim of hemoglobin
  • Iron deficiency most common
  • Low MCHC
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14
Q

Hyperchromasia

A

Increased HgB content

  • Technically not possible in RBC’s
  • Appears hyperchromic because of increased concentration (MCHC)
  • Secondary to hemol;ysis, lipemia, icterus, and Heinz bodies
  • Artifact caused by collection error, sample storage,or preparation
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15
Q
A

Echinocyte

(Burr cell/Crenation)

  • Evenly spaced spiny projections, uniform shape & size, approx 10-30
  • Shrinkage in hypertonic solution
  • Artifact caused by
    • Not filling LTT properly
    • Slow drying blood smear
    • Faulty technique
    • High temp
    • Old blood
    • Dehydrated patient
    • High Ca or low ATP
  • Certain drugs (doxirubin)
  • Common in cats
  • Renal disease (esp uremic animals on Lasix)
  • Snake bite
16
Q
A

Codocyte

(Target cell)

  • Resembles a “target”
  • One of 2 forms of leptocyte
  • Abnormally thin cell, dark stained center, peripheral ring of HgB, separated by an unstained zone
  • Liver disease
17
Q

Leptocyte

A
  • Increased surface area & decreased volume
  • Highly deformable
  • Large, flat, thin cell
  • Regenerative anemia
18
Q
A

Stomatocyte

(Mouth cell)

  • One of 2 forms of leptocyte
  • Central pallor is oval shaped, appears cupped
  • Large thin cell that warps when passing through small blood vessels
  • Liver disease
  • Inherited condition - Alaskan Malamutes
19
Q
A

Spherocyte

  • Appear smaller than normal
  • Dark staining, look hyperchromic
  • Little or no central pallor
  • Sperical because some membrane has been removed making them rigid and unable to maintain discoid shape
  • MCV comparable to normal RBC
  • IMHA (immune mediated hemolytic anemia)
  • Seen after blood transfusions
  • Parasitic infections
  • Zinc toxicity
  • Snake venom
20
Q
A

Schistocyte

  • Form of a helmet cell
  • RBC fragments caused by intravascular trauma
  • DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
  • Heartworm
  • Splenic disease
  • Liver disease
  • Severe burns
  • Iron deficiency
  • Vascular neoplasms
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
  • Hepatic lipidosis
  • Vasculitis
21
Q
A

Rouleaux

  • RBCs look like stacks of coins or rows
  • Can still see individual cell definitionn
  • Normal in horses, less so in cats
  • Inflammatory disease
  • neoplastic disease
  • Changes in plasma proteins (high fibrinogen & globulin)
22
Q
A

Agglutination

  • Appears as clumps of cells rather than stacks
  • Caused by antibodies on cell surface
  • Blood transfusion when donor incompatible - life threatening
  • No need for Coombs test if clumping noted
  • To test; wash cells (1 drop in 5ml saline), centrifuge for 3 mins, pour off supernatant, resuspend cells - rouleaux will disperse in dilution but agglutination clumps will remain
23
Q
A

Dacryocyte

(Teardrop cell)

  • Tear-shaped or pear-shaped cell
  • Membrane damage during maturation in marrow, during exit from marrow, or circulation through spleen
  • Extramedullary hematopoiesis
  • Myelofibrosis
  • Metastatic tumors of bone marrow
  • Multiple myelomas
  • Acute leukemias
24
Q
A

Elliptocyte

(‘Ovalocyte’)

  • Non-nucleated, ovoid to elliptical shape
  • Flat instead of biconcave shape
  • Normal in camelids: llamas, camels, alpacas
  • Increased numbers = aquired/congenital disease
  • Doxorubicin
25
Q
A

Ovalocyte

(‘Elliptocyte’)

  • Elliptical in shape, no central concavity
  • Nucleated
  • Normal in birds, amphibians, reptiles
26
Q
A

Keratocyte

(Helmet cells)

  • AKA blister cells/bite cell (pre-keratocyte)
  • May contain vacuoles
  • Intravascular trauma, fibrin strands bisect cell, opposing sides of cell adhere to each other & form pseudovacuoles
  • Hemangiosarcoma (HSA)
  • Neoplasia
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • hepatic diseases
27
Q
A

Ghost cell

  • Intravascular hemolysis
28
Q
A

Eccentrocyte

  • Ragged appearance, poorly hemoglobinized fringe of cytoplasm on one side of cell
  • AKA hemighost, pseudospherocyte, pyknocyte (spherical with small tag of cytoplasm attached)
  • Excess oxidant stress
  • Associated with Heinz bodies, keratocytes, and schistocytes
  • Onion & Red Maple leaf toxicity
29
Q
A

Drepanocyte

(Sickle cells)

  • Fusiform or spindle shaped
  • Normal in deer & angora goats
  • Secondary to hemoglobin polymerization
  • In vitro - alteration in oxygen tension
30
Q
A

Annulocyte

  • Bowl shaped
  • Result of loss of membrane flexibility that does not allow cells to return to normal shape after passing through capillary
  • Acute disease
31
Q
A

Nucleated RBC (NRBC)

Metarubricyte

  • Dark staining bluish pink cytoplasm
  • Nucleated - dark blue homgenous mass without distinctive chromatids
  • Larger in size when copared to Howell Jolly bodies
  • Normal in neonates, birds, reptiles, amphibians
  • Increased erythropoiesis - regenerative anemia
  • Bone marrow diseases
  • Splenic disease
  • Extramedullary hematopoiesis
  • Lead poisoning
32
Q
A

Howell Jolly Bodies

  • Small, single, deeply basophilic smooth nuclear remnants
  • Cytoplasmic, spherical, dark blue/black, from losing nucleus too fast
  • Young RBC’s
  • Non-refractile when out of focus
  • Splenectomy
  • Regenerative anemia
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Leukemias
33
Q
A

Heinz Bodies

  • Usually one, sometimes two
  • Denatured HgB fused to RBC membrane
  • Lightly eosinophilic, spherical, refractile body, protrudes from cell surface
  • NMB stain - cell greenish, Heinz body purple
  • Heinz body anemia
  • Upto 10% normal for cats
  • Dogs
    • Hemolytic anemia
    • Toxin exposure
    • Onion/acetominophen toxicity
  • Lymphosarcoma
  • Chronic renal failure
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Diabetes mellitus

Clinical Lab II (1 decks)

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