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HEMATOLOGY 2πŸ™ > Erythrocyte Disorders > Flashcards

Erythrocyte Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

derived from the Greek word β€œanaimia” meaning β€œwithout blood”

A

Anemia

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2
Q
  • is a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (functional definition)
  • is defined operationally as a reduction in the hemoglobin content of blood that can be caused by a decrease in RBCs, hemoglobin, and hematocrit
  • should not be thought of as a disease but rather as a manifestation of an underlying disease or deficiency
A

Anemia

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3
Q

1.Increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, and cardiac output

  1. Redistribution of blood flow from skin and viscera to heart, brain, and muscle
A

Anemia caused by sudden loss of blood volume:

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4
Q
  1. Decrease in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity by increasing the production of 2,3-biphosphoglycerate
  2. Increase in EPO production by kidneys
A

Anemia caused by slow loss of blood:

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5
Q

-refers to the production of erythroid precursor cells that are defective
- these defective precursors often undergo apoptosis

A

Ineffective erythropoiesis

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6
Q

megaloblastic anemia, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia

A

Ineffective erythropoiesis

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7
Q

-refers to the decrease in the number of erythroid precursor in the bone marrow

  • iron deficiency anemia, renal disease, aplastic anemia, acquired pure red cell aplasia, infection
A

Insufficient erythropoiesis

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8
Q
  • most important among the RBC indices
  • a measure of the average RBC volume in fL
  • key in the morphologic classification of anemia
A

Mcv

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9
Q
  • index of variation of cell volume in a red blood cell population
  • the coefficient of variation of RBC volume expressed in percentage
A

Rdw

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10
Q
  • an important tool to assess the bone marrow’s ability to increase RBC production in response to anemia
  • determines whether an anemia is due to an RBC production defect or to a shortened survival defect
A

Reticulocyte count

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11
Q
  • serves as a quality control to verify the results produced by automated analyzers
A

Peripheral Blood Smear/film

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12
Q
  • may help in establishing the cause of anemia
A

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

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13
Q

valuable if an inappropriately low reticulocyte count and a microcytic anemia are present

A

Iron studies

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14
Q

helpful in investigating a macrocytic anemia with a low reticulocyte count

A

Serum vitamin B12 and serum folate assays

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15
Q

can differentiate autoimmune hemolytic anemias from hemolytic anemias due to other causes

A

DAT direct antiglobulin test (

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16
Q

Degree of hemoglobinization

A

Normochromia
Hypochromia
Hyperchromia

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17
Q

Central pallor is 1/3 of the red cell diameter

A

Normochromia

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18
Q

Central pallor is >1/3 of the red cell diameter

A

Hypochromia 1+

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19
Q

Central pallor is >2/3 of the red cell diameter

A

Hypochromia 2+

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20
Q

Central pallor is 3 quarter of the red cell volume

A

Hypochromia 3+

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21
Q

Thin rim of hemoglobin is left

A

Hypochromia 4+

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22
Q

Decreased or absent central pallor

A

Hyperchromia

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23
Q

variation in red cell size

A

Anisocytosis

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24
Q

-characterized by an MCV of less than 80 fL with small RBCs (less than 6ΞΌm)
-are caused by conditions that result in reduced hemoglobin synthesis

A

Microcytic anemia

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25
Q

IDA, chronic inflammatory states, sideroblastic anemia, lead poisoning

A

Defective heme synthesis : microcytic anemia

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26
Q

Thalassemia, Hb E disease

A

Defective globin synthesis: microcytic anemia

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27
Q

TAILS

A

Microcytic anemia

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28
Q

-characterized by an MCV in the range of 80-100 fL
- develop due to premature destruction and shortened survival of RBCs

A

Normocytic anemia

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29
Q

Immune and nonimmune RBC injury

A

Extrinsic causes

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30
Q
  • characterized by an MCV greater than 100 fL with large RBCs (greater than 8 ΞΌm)
  • arise from conditions that result in megaloblastic and nonmegaloblastic red cell development
A

Macrocytic anemia

31
Q

are caused by conditions that impair synthesis of DNA

A

Megaloblastic anemia

32
Q

are related to membrane changes owing to disruption of the cholesterol-phospholipid ratio

A

Nonmegaloblastic anemia

33
Q

measures red cell immaturity; correlates with reticulocyte count (%)

A

Polychromasia

34
Q

RBC/ 10 hpf
0-1
1-3
4-6
>6

A

Normal
Slight
Moderate
Marked

35
Q

% retic
1-2%
2-4%
4-6%
>6%

A

Normal
Slight
Moderate
Marked

36
Q

1% 3% 5% 10% 11%

A

Grade

Slight
1+
2+
3+
4+

37
Q

variation in red cell shape

A

Poikilocytosis

38
Q

Acanthocyte synonym

A

Spur cell

39
Q

2-10 pointed projections of various lengths and irregular spacing

A

Acanthocyte
Spur cell

40
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Alcohol intoxication
Post-splenectomy

A

Acanthocyte
Spur cell

41
Q

Contains one or more vacuoles that resemble a blister on the skin

A

Blister cell

42
Q

Burr cell synonym

A

Echinocyte Crenated RBC

43
Q

10-30 pointed projections evenly distributed around the cell

A

Burr cell
Echinocyte Crenated RBC

44
Q

Post-splenectomy patients with enzyme anomalies
Artificial drying

A

Burr cell
Echinocyte Crenated RBC

45
Q

Narrow and elongated,
resembling a rod or cigar shape

A

Elliptocyte
Pencil cell

46
Q

IDA
Hereditary elliptocytosis

A

Elliptocyte
Pencil cell

47
Q

Fragment in which the volume is close to normal

A

Keratocyte
Horned cell or Helmet cell

48
Q

G6PD deficiency

A

Keratocyte
Horned cell Helmet cell

49
Q

Narrow band of hemoglobin across the center of the cell

A

Knizocyte
Pinch bottle cell

50
Q

Oval or egg-like appearance

A

Ovalocyte
Elliptocyte

51
Q

Thalassemia syndromes
Myelodysplastic syndromes

A

Ovalocyte
Elliptocyte

52
Q

Fragment in which cellular volume is reduced

A

Schistocyte
Schizocyte

53
Q

MAHA Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

A

Schistocyte
Schizocyte

54
Q

Crescent-shaped with at least one end that is pointed

A

Sickle cell
Drepanocyte

55
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Sickle cell
Drepanocyte

56
Q

Compact and round: has lost its area of central pallor

A

Spherocyte

57
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Spherocyte

58
Q

Central slit-like opening resembling a mouth

A

Stomatocyte

59
Q

Stomatocytosis

A

Stomatocyte

60
Q

Contains a central bull’s eye surrounded by a clear ring and then an outer red ring

A

Target cell
Codocyte

61
Q

LCAT deficiency
Thalassemia

A

Target cell
Codocyte

62
Q

Resembles a tear

A

Teardrop cell
Dacryocyte

63
Q

Myelofibrosis

A

Teardrop cell
Dacryocyte

64
Q

Red blood cell inclusions

A

Howell-Jolly body
Pappenheimer body
Basophilic stipplings
Cabot ring
Heinz body

65
Q

DNA: nuclear or chromosomal remnant

A

Howell-Jolly body

66
Q

Non-heme iron

A

Pappenheimer body

67
Q

Altered RNA

A

Basophilic stipplings

68
Q

Mitotic spindle remnant

A

Cabot ring

69
Q

Not visible

A

Heinz body

70
Q

Denatured hemoglobin

A

Heinz body

71
Q

Multiple, uniform, dark dots distributed evenly throughout the cell

A

Basophilic stipplings

72
Q

Clusters or small blue coccoid bodies located at the periphery of the cell

A

Pappenheimer body

73
Q

Single, occasionally double, rarely multiple red purple coccoid bodies

A

Howell-Jolly body

74
Q

QUALITATIVE RED CELL ABNORMALITIES

A
  1. Degree of hemoglobinization
  2. Anisocytosis - variation in red cell size
  3. Polychromasia - measures red cell immaturity; correlates with reticulocyte count (%)
  4. Poikilocytosis - variation in red cell shape
  5. Red blood cell inclusions
  6. Red blood cell indices

HEMATOLOGY 2πŸ™ (12 decks)

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