ERSA Flashcards
A take off is considered to be complete when ……
- the lowest part of the aeroplane is at least 50 feet off the ground and
- VTOSS has been achieved
Take off is considered to be 2 parts, name them ……
- The take off run
- Acceleration segment
Define the take off run …..
this is the portion of the take off where the wheels are in contact with the runway surface
Define the acceleration segment ……
the main aim is not to gain height rapidly but to accelerate from the lift off speed to the VTOSS by 50 feet
Define the TORA …..
- Take off run available
- The length of the runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aircraft taking off.
- In most cases this corresponds to the physical length of the runway pavement.
Define the TODA …..
- Take off distance available
- The length of take of run available plus the length of any clearway avaialble
- Remember TODA+
- meaning + the length of any clearway
TORA + Clearway =
TODA
The clearway is for an ….. …… to ….. and does not consider ….. …..
unobstructed climb to 50 feet and does not consider transient objects such as trucks or buses
Define the LDA …..
- Landing distance available
- the length of the runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aircraft landing
- This is usually the actual length of the runway i.e. the same as the TORA
Name 3 points about clearways
- They may be totally unsuitable for an aircraft to run over
- They dont consider transient objects such as trucks and buses
- They must be declared by a proper authority
Define the ASDA
- Accelerate - Stop Distance Available
- The length of the take-off run + the length of any stopway if provided
If the ASDA > TORA =
there is a stopway provided
2 points about stopways….
- It is not built to the same standards as the runway
- If there is a stopway provided the ASAD will be > than the TORA
The VTOSS is defined as the minimum IAS to which the aircraft must be accellerated in establishing the …..
Take off distance available
VTOSS =
- the minimum speed to which the aircraft must be accelerated in establishing the take off distance required.
- Not usually less than 1.2 times the Vs in the take off configuration.
- CAO20.7.4.3.1
Where can you find the VTOSS
It is specified on the aircrafts take off chart as the minimum speed to which the aircraft must be accelerated in establishing the take-off distance required.
Define the approach speed …..
- In ISA not less than 1.3 VS which was maintained to within 50 feet of the runway surface
- CAO 20.7.4.10.1
Define the landing climb performance …..
- In the landing configuration with all engines operating at take off power an aeroplane must have the ability to climb at a gradient of 3.2% in ISA conditions at a speed not exceeding 1.3 x VS
- CAO 20.7.4.9.1
V1 marks the point in the take off where …..
the option to stop in the remaining distance is no longer available.
If an engine fails after V1 the crew must either …..
continue with the take off or accept an over run of the prepared surface if the decision is to abort
If there is a stopway built at an airport the ….. will be greater than the …..
ASDA will be greater than the TORA
How fast is VTOSS …..
1.2 VSin the landing configuration
ALA’s
CAAP 92-1 [0] says what about a suitable field
- It should be 60m wide
- Should have a 15m strip suitable for the fround run of the aeroplane
- 10m wide is ok if < 2000kgs
- The length should be not less than required from the P charts
- For day ops approach and take off shold dextend for 900m beyond the strip
- Should have a 5% horizontal splay from the strip edges
- Approach and Take off area should have a 5% gradient clerance (1 in 20)
If an obstacle infringes the gradient area there are 2 choices, name them….
- Reduce the height of the obstacle so that its height is no more than 1/20 of its distance from the end of the ALA or
- Reduce the operation length of the strip by an amount that allows the 1 in 20 gradient from the obstacle
ALA Obstacle question:
If an object is 8m heigh and 100m from the end of the strip and within the lateral limits caculate the limits….
- 8 x 20 = 160m away
- Therefore the TODA is reduced by 60m or
- The objects height needs to be reduced to 5m
ALA Question:
An object is 80m away from the end of the strip and is 12m high. The runway is 860m long with a 60m clearway.
What is the runway length available to use for MTOW calculations?
- TODA = 860m + 60m = 920m
- TORA = 860
- Obstacle @ 12m x 20 = 240m
- 240m - 80m away = TORA < 160m
- 860m - 160m = 700m TORA
An aircraft executing a missed approach must be capable of achieving a climb gradient of ….. at ….. ….. with …..
3.2% at take off power with undercarriage and flaps down
To comply with the recommended obstacle-free fradient at the end of an ALA, an obstacle which is situated off the centre line of the runway and 120m from the runway end should be no higher than …..
6m
