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ERS Flashcards

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1
Q

Development of the internal gonads begins from migration of what cell to where

A

PGC (primordial germ cell) arise from epiblast and migrate to genital ridges

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2
Q

How does PGC migrate

A

Throug amoeboid movement (chemotaxis)

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3
Q

Expression of results in the

A

Development of male internal reproductive organ

Degeneration of mullarian tube and growth of WolffIan tube

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4
Q

99% of acromegaly is caused by

A

Pituitary adenoma - esp overgrowth of somatotroph cells

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5
Q

When does acromegaly start to develop

A

In adults 30-50 hrs after epiphyseal plate closure

If in younger children - gigantism

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6
Q

Cushing disease result from

A

Pituitary adenoma which increases ACTH levels thereby influencing downstream secretions

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7
Q

Sertoli cells produce

A

ABP androgen binding hormone

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8
Q

Most common cause if hyperthyroidism

A

Graves diseases

Stimulating Autoimmune Ab binds to TSH receptor and activate TH production

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9
Q

Dipsogenic Diabetes instipidus cause

A

Increase in ADH level due to defect or damage in hypothalamus

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10
Q

Hashimoto disease is

A

An autoimmune disease caused by autoreactive Ab against thyroid globulin (destroy thyroid gland

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11
Q

Hyperpigmentation is a characteristic of which of the following disease

1) Cushing
2) Addison

A

Addison

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12
Q

Addison’s disease is characterised by low levels of

A

Low levels of cortisol,aldosterone and androgens

- LT endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands don’t produce enough Steroid hormone

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13
Q

Peptide hormone receptors has intrinsic and recruited functions, state examples

A

RTKs

  • intrinsic - EGFR, insulin - pi3k, MAPK
  • recruited - GH, PRL - JAKstat
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14
Q

How does jak stat pathway work

A

Binding of the hormone to the receptor (already dimerised) - JAK Pi cytoplasmic tail of the receptor - STAT recruitment - JAK Pi STAT which allow it to translocation into the nucleus to drive transcription

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15
Q

Difference between EGFR and Insulin receptors

A

EGFR dimerises after ligand binding whilst Insulin receptor is already dimerised before binding

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16
Q

Intracellular receptors characteristics

A

Receptor can be in cytoplasm or nucleus

  • some of them are present on cell surface for more rapid release (progesterone)
  • and some of which can be orphan receptors
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17
Q

Intracellular receptors have slower response why

A

Stimulate de novo synthesis as the product cannot be stored

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18
Q

Normal sperm index (semen analysis

A 
>1.5 mL in volume
> 15 x 10^6 / mL in concentration
> 39 x 10^9 total count 
>32% motility 
> 4% normal looking morphology
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19
Q

Define teratozoospermia

A

Odd looking sperm

< 4% normal looking sperm

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20
Q

Asthenozoopermia indicates what

A

Less than 32% sperm are moving progressively (motility <32%

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21
Q

Oligozoospermia definition

A

In semen analysis there is less than 15 mil sperm/ mL (look at concentration

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22
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome In male results from

A

Insensitivity of testes to androgens that it secretes - can result in degeneration of wolffian duct

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23
Q

Mutation in 5a reductase results in the failure to convert what to what and the consequence of this?

A

Failure to convert testosterone to DHT (dihtdrotestosterone) affecting external reproductive organ development in males - ambiguous genitalia, virilisation at Ivette

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24
Q

Testosterone is essential in doing what In makes during puberty

A

Secondary sexual characteristics

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25
KAllmann syndrome causes
Reproductive and smelling problems
26
What's the pathophysiology of KAllmann syndrome
Failure of GnRH neurones to migrate to the hypothalamus from the olfactory bulb - body deem itself as unsuitable for pregnancies
27
Early onset of puberty (precocious puberty) age in male and female
Male - 9yrs | Female - 8 yrs
28
Short stature due to puberty induced premature closure of epiphyseal plate is caused by
Early puberty
29
Delayed puberty age for male and female
14 female | 16 male
30
Markers for bone turnover
Osteonectin/calcin/pontin
31
Function of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
Osteoblasts secrete ECM and calcify the ECM Osteocytes has long foot processes that can communicate with osteocytes and respond to stress Osteoclasts reabsorb bone and have immune function
32
Calcification of bone is the the collagen type I interaction with
Hydroxyapatite
33
Most dynamic bit of the bone is the
Spongy bone
34
Steps of bone remodelling
1. Communication with osteocytes 2. Osteoblasts receives signal and reabsorb bone which release collagen, phosphate and calcium 3. Osteoblasts comes in and lay down matrix (refill collagen phosphate and calcium) 4. Calcification/mineralisation of matrix forming osteoid
35
Hyperparathyroidism results in
Increase PTH hence increase bone absorption to increase serum Ca Can cause osteoporosis
36
Rickett's disease presentation of bendy bones is due to
Inability to calcify collagen with hydroxyapatite hence cannot form supportive bone Patient also have difficulty in Ca absorption from GIT
37
NIS is present on what side of membrane
Basolateral | To take up iodide
38
Spermiation is the process of
Last step of spermatogenesis whereby the spermatids is released via rupture of the cytoplasmic bridges into the lumen becoming spermatozoa
39
PTH is a small peptide consist of how many aa and from which aa is the biologically active bit
84 a pair prehormone and 1-34 aa has activity
40
Goal of PTH
Secreted due to decrease calcium in serum hence goal is to bring Ca up
41
PTH binds to PTHR which is a Gs coupled receptor present in the kidney and osteoclast, what does it do
Upregulates 1a Hydroxylase in kidney to convert 25hydrovitD to 1,25 deoxyhydrovitD that can act on VDR (nuclear receptor) to increase Ca absorption in gut by upregulating calbindin Also act on osteoclast to increase bone degradation Increase renal excretion of PO4 and increase absorption of Ca in the DCT
42
FGF23 function is to
Decrease serum phosphate and as a result increase Ca in serum Suppress vitD transcription
43
Calcitonin action
Inhibit osteoclast activity and promote Ca uptake into bones
44
MCT8 is important in thyroid hormone uptake esp in what type of tissue
In neurones
45
TH receptor type
Type 2 intracellular receptor | Aka nuclear receptor that is already dimerised with RXR and bound to the DNA response element
46
Absence or mutated MCT8 causes
Allan-Herndon-Dudley disease X linked Severe intellect defect
47
Normal physiological PTH and Ca levels
PTH - 1.6-6.9pmol/L | Ca - 2.1 - 2.6 mM
48
The histones in sperm DNA is replaced by what to inactivate transcription
Protamine
49
Uterine tubal obstruction can be caused by
STIS - chlamydia - scarring | Secondary to pelvic infections
50
Other female tract disorders that causes infertility
``` Tubal obstruction due to infections (most common STIS) Endometriosis Anatomical abnomalities (septate/bicornuate uterus) Uterine leiomyomas (benign in SMCS) ```
51
Retrograde dysfunction can be confirmed by
Measuring semen in urine
52
What causes retrograde ejeculatiom
Dysfunctional urethral sphincter
53
Glucagon structure and function
29 aa peptide that is secreted in pro hormone form Work on GPCR (Gs) that phosphorylstes FBPase2 Activate glycogen phosphorylase to convert glycogen to glycogen1 phosphate
54
FBPase2 (active) inhibits glycolysis and stimulate gluconeogenesis
T
55
Clomiphene is given for five days during the initial course of fertility treatment. How does it work
Clomiphene is an aromatise inhibitor that prevent oestrogen synthesis, allowing FSH to stimulate follicle development and also increase no of follicular development
56
Intrauterine insemination IUI is a method to bypass what in infertility
Bypass sexual intercourse and cervical mucous to directly inject washed sperm into the uterine space via a speculum
57
IVF Must undergo ovarian stimulation whereby the pituitary gland must be suppressed, how is it achieved
By giving GnRH antagonists or agonists to promote internalisation of receptors
58
What's the dif between IUI and IVF
IUI doesn't necessarily need ovarian stimulation and requires ovulation IVF requires reset of the HPG axis and requires stimulation of much more follicles by giving recombinant FSH and hCG (mimic LH) prevent ovulation (as it has to be extracted to inseminate in a culture dish) and implanted back afterwards
59
ICSI = intracytoplasmic semen injection process
Same as IVF up to the insemination step. AFter extraction of eggs, sperm head is singlehandedly injected into the oocyte, bypassing the need of penetration
60
Where is the 99% of Ca stored
Skeleton
61
Function of skeleton
Mechanical support (protect organs) Immune cell and blood cell production (from BM) Store Ca2+
62
What stimulate release of Ca into bloodstream
PTH, Steroid hormone (glucocorticoid
63
Regulation of Ca and PO4 is r_________
Reciprocal
64
Why is serum Ca important
- physiological functions Muscle contraction Nerve conduction Adhesion of cells
65
Levels of PTH in the cell
1.6-6.9 pimple/L
66
Where is the parathyroid gland
Posterior or the thyroid gland, embedded into it
67
FGF24 function
Increase excretion (decrease reabsorption of PO4) and inhibit Vit D synthesis thereby increase Ca
68
PTH receptor
GPCR coupled to Gs in kidney and osteoblasts
69
PGE2 and PGF2a function.
PGE2 - change collagen structure if cervix to a more loose structure (dermatan sulphate to keratin sulphate and increase glycosaminoglycan) PGF2a - increase spikes and cervical correction
70
Why does progesterone inhibit PLA2 activity during term
Prevent PG synthesis which can promote contraction and cervical remodelling
71
Ferguson reflex
Postive feedback reflex that is stimulation by the increase uterine contraction and cervical distension which results in release of oxytocin thereby increasing rate and force of contraction
72
Prolactin milk production
Positive feedback | Suction in nipples signals release of prolactin which will act on alveolar cells to secrete milk
73
Oxytocin let down reflex
Positive reflex whereby the suction of nipples results in release of oxytocin from post pit which act on myoepithelial cells to contract and release milk
74
Colostrum colour and content
Yellowish | Rich in proteins and antibodies for protection
75
Mature milk content and colour
White | Rich in fat and nutrients (lactate) less proteins
76
Prolactin inhibits gonadotropin secretion thereby delaying
Ovulation
77
S/E of breast feeding
Osteoporosis | Ca required in milk
78
Most dynamic bone is the
Spongy bone
79
What hormone suppresses insulin action in mother during pregnancy
hPL
80
HPL is also know as the metabolic screwdriver, why is that
Suppresses insulin action Increase plasma nutrients (metabolic screwdriver) hence increase fat and aa mobilisation Facilitate acinar gland development

ÉRS And NS (2 decks)

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