ergonomics and understanding other modalities Flashcards by katie Shultz

the study of the human body at work

ergonomics

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gained popularity during the industrial revolution

ergonomic concepts

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method that improved worker efficiency by improving the job process

scientific management

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most common sonographer complaint

shoulder pain in scanning arm

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incidence of WRMSDs in the US

81%

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where industry specific guidlines do not exist the _______ is used

general duty clause

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to the general duty clause states that each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued persuant to this Act that are applicabe to his or her own actions or conduct

section 5B

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Work related musculoskeletal disorder

WRMSD

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WRMSD incidents are defined as injuries that

result in restricted work
result in days away from work
involve MSD symptoms that remain for more than 7 days
involve MSD symptoms that require medical treatment beyond first aid

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echocardiography, high-risk OB scanning, and to a lesser extent vascular scanning can cause WRMSD because of

repetitve motion

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helps organizations work with OSHA to prevent workplace injury

alliance program

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society for diagnostic medical sonography hosts

international ultrasound industry consensus confrence

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At the International Ultrasound Industry Consensus Conference administrators addressed the issues of

workload, scheduling, and room size

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sonographers discussed

best practices, education, and training

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also discussed at the conference were the need for accredited programs to include ________________________ and the need for ___________________________

curriculum retated to ergonomics and injury prevention

certifying bodies to test knowledge of risk factors

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address the role of employees and employers, educators, medical facilities, and equipment in reducing the impact of work-related injuries on the workforce and are intended to assist all stakeholders in making informed decisions

industry standards

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include injuries of muscles, tendons, and joints

WRMSDs

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risk factors for WRMSDs

forecful exertions
awkward or prolonged static posture
repetitive motion
"pinch" grip
environmental factors

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inflammation of the tendon and the sheath around the tendon, which often occur together

tendonitis and tenosynovitis

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specific type of tendonitis of the thumb that can result from gripping the transducer

de quervain disease

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entrapment of the median nerve as it runs through the carpal bones of the wrist. Results from repeated flexion and extension of the wrist

carpal tunnel

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entrapment of the ulnar nerve as it runs through the elbow

cubital tunnel

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inflammation of the periosteum in the area of the insertion of the biceps tendon into the distal humerus. Can result from repeated twisting of the forearm

epicondylitis

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nerve entrapment that can occur at different levels, resulting in a variety of symptoms

thoracic outlet syndrome

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inflammation and swelling of the tendon sheath in a finger that entraps the tendon and restricts the motion of the finger

trigger finger

inflammation of the shoulder bursa

bursitis

repeated motion, which causes fraying of the rotator cuff muscle tendons

rotator cuff injury

intervertebral disk degeneration that results from bending and twisting and improper seating

spinal degeneration

bedside examinations should be shared with

other staff

work related injuries should be reported __________ to occupational heath or rish management departments and recoreded on ________ logs.

immediately | OSHA

Xrays are a type of _______________ radiation, which has both electircal and magnetic properties

electromagnetic

Xrays travel at the speed of

light

production of X-rays requires a stream of high energy electrons, accelerated across a high voltage, then suddenly stopped by impacting a ________ charged metal barrier called an _________

positively | anode

source of the stream of electrons is a ____________ charged electrode called a _______________

negatively | cathode

Movements of electrons between the anode and cathode are possible because of the ___________________, and the electrons are accelerated because of the high voltage generated between the cathode and anode.

difference in charges

refers to the amount of energy that reachers the film of the detector and its subsequent display on the image

high or low density

tissues that absorb a greater number of X-rays create __________ areas on the resultant image (bone)

whiter

In xray, air absorbs the beam the least, and is displayed as

black

the difference among adjacent densities (structures). The feature of an image that affects the ability to visualize detail and detect lesions

contrast

Two kinds of radiographic contrast

film/detector | subject

Film/detector contrast

Inherent in the film type and processing techniques | not changeable by the operator

subject contrast

affected by the absorption characteristics of the tissue

If the image is made up of multiple tissues with similar _______________, differentiating anatomic structures is difficult

absorption characteristics

Imaging the entire abdomen is an example of

Low subject contrast. Lots of grays

Chest xray is an example of

high subject contrast. Black and white

used to increase or decrease the absorption of X-rays

contrast media

"active ingredients" in almost all medical radiographic contrast media. Positive contrast agents

iodine and barium

Air is a

Negative contrast agent

Air filled stuctures appear ________ than the surrounding tissues

darker

An adult patient may be referred to ultrasound if

pleural effusion is detected on chest X-ray | ventriculoperitoneal (vp) shunts are seen radiographically

A pediatric patient may be referred to ultrasound if

to evaluate VP shunts or | as a follow up on a positive VCUG study

The areas of interest to a sonographer on a follow up sonogram after xray are

lung bases and diaphragm

In a normal chest xray, the lateral areas of the lung come to a point called the

cotophrenic angle

pleural fluid causes blunting of the

costophernic angles

shunt tubing connect from the ventricles of the brain to the abdominal cavity to allow fluid to drain from the ventricalar system of the brain into the peritoneal cavity

VP shunt

VCUG studies are performed primarily on pediatric patients with a

recurrent urinary tract infection

VCUG images should be evaluted by sonographer to see the degree of

hydronephrosis

Typical CT scanner is a doughut with a hole in the center called a

gantry

Inside the gantry is xray producing tube opposite the banana shaped

xray sensors

Whole body images are produced, with image slices or

tomographic cuts

Common name for the method of CT scanning whose xray tube rotates continuously in one direction wihinin the gantry while the object to be xrayed slides through the xray opening is

spiral or helical CT

Dilute suspension of barium sulfate is most commonly used for

oral contrast

may be used if barium is contraindicated

Iodinated contrast agents

In nuclear medicine, gamma rays are spontaneously generated from the decay of

radioactive isotopes

The radioactive atom is bound chemically to the tracer molecule

radioactive pharmaceuticals

can be inhaled, taken orally, or administered intravenously

radionuclides/radiopharaceuticles/radiotracers

site of interest where radionuclide is administered

target tissue

all other tissues where radionuclides may be administered

background

special sensing equipment used to detet the radioactivity emitted by the tracer to yeild an image

scintigraphy

Camera used to detect radiation, named after its inventor, Dr. Hal Anger

Anger camera or gamma camera

Nuclear medicine is often able to determine the cause of clinical problems caused by the ____________ malfunction of the bone, organ, or tissue. This is different from other imaging modalities that detect and characterize disease based on __________ appearance

physiologic | structural

Nuclear med images tend to lack anatomic detail and are often described as _______ or ________

cold spots | hot spots

Most common question for patient sent for ultrasound after nuclear med imaging involves

thyroid and parathyroid lesions

Decreased cellular function. Solid lesion that isn't functioning, a cyst which wouldn't have any functioning tissue, or a type of living tissue which without affinity for the particular type of tracer used

cold spot

increased uptake of the radionuclide or hyperfunctioning tissue. Increased cellular function

hot spot

CT scanner is incorporated in the ___________, and the system generates a composite image that consists of a CT scan with a superimposed colorized nuclear medicine image

pet scan

Most commonly used tracer in Pet scan is

F-18-flurodeoxy-glucose (FDG)