ERGO FINALS Flashcards
OVAKO WORKING POSTURE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM is developed by what company?
Where?
When?
Ovako Oy.
Finland
mid-1970s
OWAS posture Classification system includes:
Neck,
Trunk,
Lower Body
Arms
_____ Measure exposure for dose-response models
Epidemiology
Weakness of OWAS (4)
▪ Posture categories are rather broad for the trunk and shoulders.
▪ No information on duration of postures.
▪ Method does not separate left and right arms.
▪ Method gives no information for the elbow or wrist
developed to evaluate the exposure of individual workers to ergonomic risk factors associated with upper extremity MSD.
RULA
The RULA ergonomic assessment tool considers biomechanical and postural load requirements of job tasks/demands on the ___, ____ , and _______.
Neck, trunk, upper extremities
The RULA worksheet is used to evaluate required ________, ______, and
______.
BODY POSTURE, FORCE, REPETITION
RULA steps to be taken by the evaluator in preparing for the assessment are as follows? (2)
◼ Evaluated to gain an understanding of the jobs tasks and demands
◼ Observing the worker’s movements and postures during several work cycles
Selection of the postures to be evaluated should be based on: (3)
- Difficult Postures
- Sustained Postures
- Highest force loads
RULA worksheet is divided into 2 body segment sections on labeled A and B. A for __________ and B for _______
A = ARm and Wrist
B for Neck trunk and Legs.
In RULA, the evaluator should score the _________ and _______ first. then _____, __, ______ posutres.
Arm and Wrist first.
Then, Neck, trunk and Legs
This ergonomic assessment tool uses a systematic process to evaluate
“whole body postural” MSD and risks associated with job tasks.
REBA
REBA’s single page worksheet is used to evaluate required or selected____, -_____, ______, ______, and ________.
– body posture,
– forceful exertions,
– type of movement or action,
– repetition,
– and coupling
Using the REBA worksheet, the evaluator will assign a score for each of the following body regions: (Give 8 body parts)
– Neck
– Shoulders
– Trunk
– Back
– Elbows
– Wrist
– Knees
– Legs
The REBA worksheet is divided into two body segment sections on the labeled A and B.
– Section A (left side) covers the ______, ______, and _____.
– Section B (right side) covers the ______ and ______.
A = Neck, Trunk, Leg
B = Arm and Wrist
In REBA, Score _____, _____, ____ first.
Then Score ______, ____, _______
– Trunk, Neck, Legs. FIRST
– Upper Arms, Lower Arms, Wrists Second
_________ is a tool used by occupational health and safety professionals to assess the manual material handling risks associated with lifting and lowering tasks in the workplace.
Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation
__________ defined as the act of manually grasping an object with two hands, and vertically moving the object without mechanical assistance.
Lifting task
________ is widely accepted as valid in the field of occupational ergonomics, providing occupational health and safety professionals an objective ergonomic risk assessment tool for manual material handling tasks.
The NIOSH Lifting Equation
WHAT IS THE NIOSH LIFTING EQUATION?????????????? ANONG FORMULA????
𝑹𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳𝑪 𝒙 𝑯𝑴 𝒙 𝑽𝑴 𝒙 𝑫𝑴 𝒙 𝑨𝑴 𝒙 𝑭𝑴 𝒙 𝑪𝑴
____________- defines the maximum acceptable weight (load) that nearly all healthy employees could lift over the course of an 8-hour shift without increasing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) to the lower back
RWL = Recommended Weight Limit
Is this weight too heavy?
_________ is calculated to provide a relative “estimate of the level of physical stress” and
MSD risk associated “with the manual lifting” tasks evaluated.
Lifting Index.
How significant is the risk?
A Lifting Index value of ___________ indicates a NOMINAL RISK TO HEALTHY employees
1.0 or less
A Lifting Index of value __________ denotes that the
the task is high risk for some fraction of the population.
greater than 1.0
True or False:
As the LI increases, the level of injury risk increases correspondingly.
True, duh
Individual Multipliers that determine _______ can be used to identify specific weaknesses in the design.
RWL
The _____ can be used to estimate the relative physical stress and injury risk for a task or job.
LI
The NIOSH Lifting Equation always uses a load constant (LC) of ______ pounds
51 pounds or 23 kg
TRUE or FALSE
From that starting point, the equation uses several task variables expressed as coefficients or multipliers (In the equation, M = multiplier) that serve to “increase” the load constant and calculate the RWL for that lifting task.
False. DECREASE dapat
Task variables needed to calculate the RWL:
H = Horizontal location of the object relative to the body
V = Vertical location of the object relative to the floor
D = Distance the object is moved vertically
A = Asymmetry angle or twisting requirement
F = Frequency and duration of lifting activity
C = Coupling or quality of the worker’s grip on the object
L = Average & maximum Load or weight of the object
acronym para madali imemorize:
—- Happy Virtth Day Alleluya For Christ Lord
NIOSH as a load that, under ideal conditions, is safe for _____% of females and ______% of males.
75 % of females
90% of males
Additional task variables needed to calculate LI: (2)
▪ Average weight of the objects lifted
▪ Maximum weight of the objects lifted
The FIRWL is calculated by using a frequency multiplier (FI) of ___ along with the other task variable multipliers.
1.0
The ___________ is calculated by dividing the weight lifted by the FIRWL. It can help identify problems with infrequent lifting tasks if it exceeds the value of _______
—– Frequency-Independent Lifting Index (FILI).
—– 1.0
Measure and record the horizontal location of the hands at both the start (origin) and end (destination) of the lifting task.
Horizontal Location of the Hands (H)
the distance between the point projected on the
floor directly below the _____ of the hands grasping the object (load center), and the _____ of a line between the inside ________ as pictured on the right side.
– Midpoint
– Midpoint
– Ankle Bones
The vertical location is measured from the_______ (or standing surface) to the vertical mid-point between the hand grasps as defined by the _________of the hand.
large middle knuckle (3rd MCP joint)
Measure the degree to which the body is required to twist or turn during the lifting task. in what unit?
measures the __ and ___ rotation
— Asymmetric Angle (A)
— IN Degrees. namention na sa questions.
— Trunk and Shoulder rotation
A good coupling will ______ (increase or reduce) the maximum grasp forces required and _______ (increase or reduce) the acceptable weight for lifting,.
—- Reduce
—- Increase
While a poor coupling will generally require (higher or lower) _____ maximum grasp forces and ______ the acceptable weight for lifting.
— Higher
— Lower
Determine the average number of lifts per _______ of the lifting task being evaluated, this is the lifting frequency.
minute
The lifting frequency information can often be verified by asking for average production
rates from a________ , ______, or _________.
Group leader, Supervisor, Production Manager
NIOSH recommends a _______ minute sampling or observation period
15 minutes
The Frequency (F) value will be between _____ lifts/minute and ______ lifts/minute.
0.2 and 15
True or False
For lifting tasks with a frequency less than .2 lifts per minute (>1 lift every 5 minutes), you will use the minimum frequency of .2 lifts/minute.
TRUEEEEEEE
True or False
If the weight of the load varies from lift to lift, you should record the “average” weights lifted.
FALSE. Average and MAximum weights lifted dapat ang rinerecord
Determine the lifting duration as classified into one of three categories: Enter 1 for ________, 2 for ________ and 8 for________ as follows:
For how many hours yung 1, 2, and 8? (Lifting with Recovery Time)
— 1 = Short dur ( Lifting ≤ 1 hour) (recovery time ≥ 1.2 X work time)
— 2 = Moderate Duration (Between 1 and 2 hours) (recovery time ≥ 0.3 X lifting time)
— 8 = long duration (Between 2 and 8 hours) w/ Standard industrial allowances)
Visual Capabilities?
MAACVCP
Mobility
Accommodation
Adaptation
Color Discrimination and Perception
Visual Acuity
Contrast Sensitivity
Perception
4 most rotational movement in mobility
— Left, right (yaw)
— Up, down (pitch)
— roll
— forward, backward
succession of fast movements in jumps to catch up to the visual target
Saccades
Reverse movements
Regressions
s the area, measured
in degrees within which the form
and color of the objects can be
seen by both FIXATED eyes
Visual Field
is the eye pitch angle with regard to the
head.
LOSA, LINE OF SIGHT ANGLE
______ is The ability of the lens of the eye to focus on targets at various distances.
What are the 3 types
Accommodation
3 types
normal focus
Nearsighted focus
Farsighted focus
Ability of the eyes to change in the sensitivity to light?
2 types?
Adaptation
Light Adpatation
dark adaptation
________Defines not Not all areas of the retina are equally sensitive to color.
_____ is the Diagram used for this
COLOR DISCRIMINATION
Chromaticity Diagram
can figure the degree of your visual impairment other than your eye shape, myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. The degree will also be the basis to measure
your correct vision.
The refraction test
3 colors perceived with 50 degrees (ano yung pinaka most)
60 degrees for what color?
90 degrees for what color
Green, red, yellow (traffic light)
Green mostly
Blue
White
3 types of color perception
3 colors = Trichromats
1 = Monochromats
2 = Dichromats
The ability to discriminate the fine detail and differentiate small objects.
Visual Acuity
The smallest space between the parts of a target that the eye can detect.
Minimum Separable Acuity
Ability to differentiate the lateral displacement
of one line from another.
Vernier ACuity
Ability to detect a spot (such as a round dot) from its background.
Minimum Perceptible Acuity
Formula for Visual Angle in degreesssss
= Tan^-1 (Size / Distance)
captured by the human eye and processed into an image by the brain.
Light
t is a fairly complicated process with the light rays passing through the ____, an opening in the eye, and through the ______ and _____.
pupil
Cornea
Lens
The ______ is composed of photosensitive receptors,
the ______, which are sensitive to black and white, especially at night, but have poor visual acuity,
and the ______, which are sensitive to colors in daylight and have good visual acuity.
Retina
Rods
Cones
________ are concentrated in the fovea, while the rods are spread out over the retina.
Cones
Electrical signals from the photoreceptors are collected and passed by the __________ to the brain where the light from external illumination is processed and interpreted
Optic Nerve
______is the basic theory of illumination
applies to a point source of light
(such as a candle) of a given
luminous intensity, measured in
___________.
— Intensity
— Candelas (cd)
The amount of light striking a
surface, or a section of this sphere, is termed _____________. Measured in __________
— illumination or illuminance
— Footcandles
illuminance decreases as the light source increases.
Angle of Incidence
Formula for Illumincance
(LI / d^2)(cos angle)
if PERPENDICULAR sa surface, its 0. so cos 0 = 1.
The amount of light reflected from the surface.
Measured in
Luminance
Measured in Foot Lamberts (fL)
MAGKAIBA luminance and illuminance
3 factors affecting luminance
— Amount of light
– Color
— Texture of Surface
formula for luminance
Illuminance x Reflectance
da science and technology of sound including its production, transmission, and effects
Acoustics
Describe how we perceive sounds in relation to ther physical properties (pitch, timbre, loudness, noise, and speech comprehension)
psycho - acoustics
Any vibration that stimulates an auditory sensation
Sound
3 major parts of ear anatomy
Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
Physical sound associated with the human sensation of pitch
Frequency
associated with the human sensation of loudness
sound intensity
Frequency is measured in _____,, equivalent to _______
herts (Hz)
Cycles per second
Young people can hear about ____ to ____ hz
Adult can rarely hear frequencies above _____ hz
young = 16 to 20 hz
adult = rarely above12 hz
Middle C in piano is ____ hz
256 Hz
The human ear is sensitive to frequencies between ____ to _______ Hz
20 to 20,000 Hz
Sound intensity is measure in _____….
Ration between _____ and _____
Decibels
—- ratio of Reference Pressure level and Pressure of Interest
how much deciblels are harmful to human? (yung maingay)
85 dBA
Exposure to excessive sound contributes to the risk of ____)
Noise Induced Hearing Loss
Hazaradous amount of noise pero yung sobrang tahimik
below 30 decibels
Exposure to high noise levels can lead to either________ or ________
TTS Temporary threshold Shift
PTS Permanent Threshold shift
Noise Exposure Regulations in both OSHA and Europe
OSHA
16 hours – 85 dBA
8 hours – 90 dBA
4 hours – 95 dBA
* Should not be exposed to noise levels exceeding 115 dBA.
Europe
16 hours – 87 dBA
8 hours – 90 dBA
4 hours – 93 dBA
sensory system responsible for providing our brain with information about body position.
Vestibular System
It provides sense of balance and spatial orientation for normal movement and equilibrium.
Vestibular System
Functions of Vestibular System
Provides info concerning gravity, rotation, and acceleration
Abnormality in the association
of the otoconia to the cupula within the membranous labyrinth.
BENIGN POSITIONAL VERTIGO
Leads to a sudden profound
loss in auditory and vestibular
function.
LABYRINTHINE INFARCTION
Sudden episode of vertigo
without hearing loss in an
otherwise healthy person.
VESTIBULAR NEURONITIS
Inflammatory process occurring
within the membranous
labyrinth that may have a
bacterial or viral etiology.
LABYRINTHITIS
Inner ear disorder characterized
by episodic vertigo attacks,
sensorineural hearing loss,
tinnitus, and pressure or
fullness in the involved ear
MENIERE’S DISEASE
Visual auras are the most
frequent type, and may come in
a wide variety of phenomena or
hallucinations
Migraine
Performance and well-being of an individual is influenced by? (Give 4)
▪ Individual Characteristics
▪ Physical Design of Workspaces
▪ Larger Environment
▪ Many non-physical Factors
Sociotechnical system that transforms inputs into outputs
Organization
Role of Human Factors” Optimize _______ and _______ performance within the overall system context_
– Human
– System
What are 4 Competencies for Work Organization?
– Job Analysis and Design
– Employee Selection
– Training
– Performance Appraisal
Worker’s satisfaction is influenced by:
▪ Job
▪ Work Schedules
▪ Skill
▪ Degree of participation in policy decisions
▪ Avenues of communication
▪ Social interactions with colleagues and
supervisors
JWS DAS
It’s Well-defined and rigorous procedure. it is also Task information and job requirement
Job Analysis
“By itself, __________ has nothing to say about the best way to do a job (job design), how well it is
being done currently (performance appraisal), or what it is worth to the organization to have this job
done (job evaluation)”.
Job Analysis
Most Profound effect on an employee’s activities
Job Analysis
Talks more of the tasks and responsibilities to be done by the individual
Job Description
Talks more of the skills, training, and individual characteristics required for a person holding a specific job
Job Specification
2 types of Job Analysis?
Job Description
Job Specification
Eliminate Problems, Maximize Efficiency in work.
Also Involves decisions about the tasks that will be performed by the workers and how these tasks are to
be grouped together and assigned to individual jobs (Davis and Wacker, 1987)
Job design
__________ considers the manner in which individuals within the organization will relate to each
other and how individuals will be compensated and rewarded.
JOb design
3 process of employee selection
Recruitment
Screening
Selection
Goal of employer is to _________________ (Phrase)
Select the most qualified individual
Develop job description, target desired pool of applicants, advertise and communicate to qualified
individuals.
Recruitment
2 types of Recruitment
Internal Recruitment
External Recruitment
Type of Recruitment that reduces expenses and focus on psychological advantages (
Internal Recruitment
Type of recruitment that has larger pool of applicants - more selectivity
External Recruitment
3 forms of screening?
– Application Form
– Personal Interview
– Standardized Tests
▪ Measure ability and personality
▪ Work Sample
Standardized Tests
▪ Neither a reliable nor a valid indicator of future job performance
▪ Influenced by interviewer bias
Personal Interview
▪ Equip employees with necessary skills
▪ Employees’ level of skill vs. job analysis
Training
True or False
More training for more skilled applicants (higher salaries)
FALSE
LESS TRAINING NA SILA
Type of training
- Immediately productive
▪ No special training facilities needed
▪ Informal
▪ Direct contribution to productivity
▪ Mistakes on the job may have serious consequences
On the Job Training
Type of Training
▪ Periodic movement from one job to another
▪ Produces flexible workforce – critical jobs
JOb Rotation
TRUE OR FALSE
Job rotation is appropriate if task requires high degree of skill
FALSE
IT IS INAPPROPRIATE
Type of Training
▪ Special Facility – entails cost
▪ More controlled and systematic
▪ No direct contribution to productivity
ON SITE TRAIINING
Type of Training
▪ Provided by external organization
▪ Workshops
▪ Schooling
Off site Training
What is:
▪ Formal evaluation of employee performance
▪ Conducted in a structure and systematic way
▪ Provide feedback to employee and management
▪ Areas for improvement
▪ Administrative decisions
Performance Appraisal
TRUE OR FALSE
Negative performance appraisal motivates employees to work harder
false
They will get less motivated, will quit, relationships will worsen, lawsuits may be filed
Positive performance Appraisal will
(give 4)
– Motivate employee to perform better
– better understanding of the employee
– Clarify job and performance expectancies
– enable fair determination of rewards
True or false
Performance Appraisal should not be based on personal traits or characterists that are not relevant to the job
True
True or False: Performance appraisals should suggest specific suggestions for areas that need improvement
True
True or false
Choice of appraisal method depends on the purpose
True
2 possible Appraisal errors?
– Rating Instrument
– Rater
3 possible appraisal errors in raters are:
▪ Misperceptions
▪ Biases
▪ Prejudices
4 Possible appraisal errors in rating instruments are:
– Ambiguous
– Deficient
– Contaminated
– Invalid
Experiment of persons whose sleeping times were
delayed – morning sleeps were only _______ of the
duration of the normal night sleep
60%
Exogenous Factors affecting Circadian Rhythms are:
(2)
– Sunlight
– INcreased noise
the ________ describes that for a person to sleep well, the time when a person tries to sleep must be aligned with the sleep phase of a circadian wake –
Sleep Cycle
Standard work schedule is ____ days, ____ hours a week
5 days
40 hours
if amount of work exceeds 40 hrs, it is known as ______
Overtime
True or false
less people prefer fixed shift assignments
False.
most people
Other studies have shown that complete adaptation
does not occur until approximately________ days after
changing to a new schedule
21
- Core time
▪ Allows worker to coordinate personal needs
with work responsibilities
Flextime
Compressed Work-week results to Less productivity in work beyond ____ hours
8
Effects of shift work
– Sleep factors
– Biological Clock Factors
– Social / Domestic Factors
Area surrounding the body that, when entered by another, gives rise to strong emotions.
Personal Space
4 levels of Space and their distances
IPSP
▪ Intimate distance (0 to 45 cm)
- Personal distance (45 to 120 cm)
▪ Social distance (1.2 to 3.5 m)
▪ Public distance (3.5 m or more)
Near phase and Far phase of Intimate Distace
▪ Near phase (0 to 15 cm) – involves body contact
▪ Far phase (16 to 45 cm) – used by close friends
Near phase and Far phase of Personal Distace
▪ Near phase (45 to 75 cm) – close friends converse
▪ Far phase (76-120 cm) – interactions between friends and acquaintances
▪ Refers to behavior patterns oriented toward occupying and controlling a defined physical space.
▪ Can be extended to ideas and objects.
Territoriality
owned and controlled on a permanent basis
Primary Territory
more shared than primary but access is limited to a certain extent
Secondary Territory
open to everyone although access can be limited by unacceptable behavior or discrimination; rapid turnover of users.
Public territory
TRUE OR FALSE
Individuals who prefer to be farther from other people were not susceptible to stress in high
density situations.
FALSE
they are susceptible to stress
True or False
Many accounts of crowding perceived loss of control in high density situations – may lead to stopping to cope with the environment but not accepting the conditions (helplessness)
False.
they passively accept the conditions
The size and physical arrangement of an office is evaluated based on:
▪ Purpose of room
▪ Tasks to be performed
▪ Mature and frequency of information
▪ Exchange between people and groups
Traditional VS OPen Offices
DEFINE!
TRADITIONAL
- Typical cubicle office
Open Offices
- Google office na super open
