ERG

Question 1

active electrode

Answer 1

active electrode either in contact with the cornea or a skin electrode placed just below the lower eyelid margin

Question 2

reference electrode

Answer 2

on the forehead

Question 3

a-wave - what and how generated

Answer 3

fast corneal-negative deflection generated by the photoreceptors

Question 4

b-wave - what

Answer 4

slower positive large amplitude deflection

Question 5

b-wave - generated by

Answer 5

generated from Müller and bipolar cells

Question 6

b-wave - dependent on

Answer 6

functional photoreceptors and its magnitude makes it a convenient measure of photoreceptor integrity

Question 7

b-1 - represents what activity

Answer 7

represents both rod and cone activity

Question 8

b-2 - represents what activity

Answer 8

mainly cone activity

Question 9

c-wave - what

Answer 9

third (negative) deflection

Question 10

c-wave - generated by

Answer 10

generated by the RPE and photoreceptors

Question 11

Latency

Answer 11

interval to the commencement of the a-wave after the stimulus is applied

Question 12

Implicit time

Answer 12

interval from the stimulus to the b-wave peak

Question 13

Full-field ERG - recordings

Answer 13

5. The first three are elicited after 30 minutes of dark adaptation (scotopic), and the last two after 10 minutes of adaptation to moderately bright diffuse illumination (photopic)

Question 14

Full-field ERG - what stimulates

Answer 14

diffuse stimulation of the entire retinal area

Question 15

Full-field ERG - what assess

Answer 15

assess generalized retinal disorders but may not detect localized pathology

Question 16

Rod responses are elicited

Answer 16

with a very dim flash of white or blue light, resulting in a large b-wave and a small or non-recordable a-wave (

Question 17

Combined rod and cone responses are elicited

Answer 17

with a very bright white flash, resulting in a prominent a-wave and b-wave

Question 18

Oscillatory potentials are elicited by

Answer 18

using a bright flash and changing the recording parameters

Question 19

Oscillatory potentials - where are they

Answer 19

on the ascending limb of the b-wave

Question 20

Oscillatory potentials are generated by

Answer 20

generated by cells in the inner retina

Question 21

Pattern ERG - target

Answer 21

ganglion cell function

Question 22

Pattern ERG - in order to

Answer 22

in order to detect subtle optic neuropathy

Question 23

EOG - reflects what

Answer 23

activity of the RPE and the photoreceptors

Question 24

Arden ratio - definition

Answer 24

EOG amplitude. calculated by dividing the maximal height of the potential in the light (‘light peak’) by the minimal height of the potential in the dark (‘dark trough’)

Question 25

Arden ratio - normal value

Answer 25

greater than 1.85 or 185%

Question 26

Dark adaptation - when The ‘rod-cone’ break occurs

Answer 26

after 7–10 minutes

Question 27

Dark adaptation - After 15–30 minutes

Answer 27

the fully dark-adapted rods allow the subject to perceive a spot of light over 100 times dimmer than would be possible with cones alone

Question 28

blue - other name

Answer 28

tritan

Question 29

tritan - other name

Answer 29

blue

Question 30

green - other name

Answer 30

deuteran

Question 31

deuteran - other name

Answer 31

green

Question 32

red - other name

Answer 32

protan

Question 33

protan - other name

Answer 33

red

Question 34

blue (tritan) peak sensitivity

Answer 34

414–424 nm

Question 35

green (deuteran) peak sensitivity

Answer 35

522–539 nm

Question 36

red (protan) peak sensitivity

Answer 36

549–570 nm

Question 37

Ishihara test - designed for what

Answer 37

for congenital protan and deuteran defects

Question 38

Hardy–Rand–Ritt - designed for what

Answer 38

detect all three congenital colour defects

Question 39

The Farnsworth–Munsell 100-hue - + i -

Answer 39

sensitive but longer

Question 40

The Farnsworth–Munsell 100-hue - for what

Answer 40

for both congenital and acquired colour defects

Question 41

The Farnsworth–Munsell 100-hue - na czym polega

Answer 41

consists of 85 caps of different hues in four rack; the subject is asked to rearrange randomized caps in order of colour progression