Equity and Environmental Justice

Question 1

What does equity mean?

Answer 1

Fairness, justice and distribution of benefits and costs.

Question 2

Impacts of transport (related to equity)

Answer 2

The quality of transportation affects people’s opportunities and quality of life.
Planning decisions affect the location and type of development that occurs in an area.
Transport facilities, activities and services impose various indirect and external costs on other road users.
Price structures of transport can significantly affect financial burdens.
Transport facilities require significant amounts of land.
Transport planning decisions can stimulate employment and economic development which can have distributional impacts.

Question 3

How is driving gendered? What number of men and women drive?

Answer 3

1 in 5 men don’t drive, whereas 1 in 3 women don’t.

Question 4

The richest 10% of the population receive how many more times as much public spending on transport than the poorest 10%.

Answer 4

4

Question 5

Car owners in the lowest income quantile spend what percentage of total household expenditure on motoring?

Answer 5

25

Question 6

Two types of equity

Answer 6

Horizontal and vertical

Question 7

Horizontal equity

Answer 7

Equal distribution of costs and benefits between groups

Question 8

Vertical equity

Answer 8

Equal distribution of costs and benefits within a group.

Question 9

Intragenerational

Answer 9

Between people today

Question 10

Intergenerational

Answer 10

Includes future generations

Question 11

Environmental Justice

Answer 11

Equal access to a clean environmental and equal protection from possible environmental harm irrespective of race, income or class.

Question 12

Environmental Racism

Answer 12

The disproportionate impacts of pollution borne by communities of colour around the world.

Question 13

Conclusions from Green Space Study in the US and China

Answer 13

Many US minority communities lack green space access.

Urban greening can however create paradoxical effects such as gentrification.

Question 14

Cost Recovery

Answer 14

Transport expenditures are evaluated according to whether users pay their costs.

Question 15

Cost based on Congestion

Answer 15

Transport investments are evaluated according to most cost-effective roadway capacity expansion

Question 16

Cost based on Vehicle Miles Travelled

Answer 16

Transport investments are evaluated according to which route or mode can increase vehicle travel at the least cost.

Question 17

Cost based on Passenger Miles Travelled

Answer 17

Transport investments are evaluated according to the most cost-effective way of increasing personal mobility.

Question 18

Cost based on Passenger Trips

Answer 18

Transport investments are evaluated according to the costs of each trip.

Question 19

Cost based on Access

Answer 19

Transport investments are evaluated according to where improved access can be accommodated at the lowest cost.

Question 20

Cost based on Mobility Need

Answer 20

Transport investments are evaluated according to which provides the greatest benefits to disadvantaged people.

Question 21

Cost based on Affordability

Answer 21

Transport user fees are evaluated with respect to users’ ability to pay.

Question 22

Three pillars of sustainability

Answer 22

Environmental sustainability
Social sustainability
Economic sustainability

Question 23

Four principles of sustainability

Answer 23

Futurity
Equity and social justice
Public participation
Environment

Question 24

Futurity

Answer 24

Concern for future generations

Question 25

Public participation

Answer 25

Ensuring that all individuals can participate in decisions that affect them

Question 26

Mobility

Answer 26

Ease of moving

Question 27

Accessibility

Answer 27

Ease of reaching

Question 28

Social Exclusion

Answer 28

Loss of ability to connect with many of the jobs, services and facilities that they need to participate fully in society.

Question 29

Travel Horizons

Answer 29

People have different ideas about how far and where they can travel within their comfort zone.

Question 30

Addressing social exclusion

Answer 30

Accessibility planning Improvements to public transport Accessibility to be given greater weight in land use planning Measures to tackle road casualties in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Reduce fear of crime.

Question 31

Accessibility Planning

Answer 31

A systematic assessment of whether people can get to key activities/services, as part of the LTP (local transport planning) process, but involving other agencies.

Question 32

Transport Accessibility Planning

Answer 32

Mapping the time or cost of travel through the multi-modal transport system. Analysing levels of provision of different types of service to different groups of people.

Question 33

Transport Accessibility Policy Analysis

Answer 33

``` Social exclusion Green transport plans Business relocation Education transport Catchment analysis Public transport route planning Strategic and local plan development ```

Question 34

Impacts of Car Dependency

Answer 34

More car journeys leads to more congestion, fewer people walking and cycling and shops etc move to more car accessible locations.

Question 35

Bus Impacts of Car Dependency

Answer 35

Worse bus services Less bus ticket income Bus safety worries

Question 36

Health and active travel impacts of car dependency

Answer 36

Drivers are less bike aware | Obesity and low fitness levels

Question 37

Spatial planning impacts of car dependency

Answer 37

Longer car journeys People move to suburbs Town centres degenerate More diffuse journey patterns

Question 38

Car dependency affects on different groups

Answer 38

Those with the fewest cars exposed to the highest levels of air pollution. Poor contribute the least. Where car ownership is the highest the air is the cleanest. The poor are the lowest emitters and the most polluted.

Question 39

Mitchell (2005) solutions for car dependency

Answer 39

Things should get better as technology improves - natural fleet renewal. Road user charging could improve things but this depends on detailed design.

Question 40

Sustainable transport hierarchy (best to worst)

Answer 40

1. Demand reduction (for powered transport) 2. Modal shift (to more sustainable and space efficient modes). 3. Efficiency improvements (of existing modes). 4. Capacity increases (for powered transport).