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Transport, Energy and Environmen > Equity and Environmental Justice > Flashcards

Equity and Environmental Justice Flashcards

1
Q

What does equity mean?

A

Fairness, justice and distribution of benefits and costs.

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2
Q

Impacts of transport (related to equity)

A

The quality of transportation affects people’s opportunities and quality of life.
Planning decisions affect the location and type of development that occurs in an area.
Transport facilities, activities and services impose various indirect and external costs on other road users.
Price structures of transport can significantly affect financial burdens.
Transport facilities require significant amounts of land.
Transport planning decisions can stimulate employment and economic development which can have distributional impacts.

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3
Q

How is driving gendered? What number of men and women drive?

A

1 in 5 men don’t drive, whereas 1 in 3 women don’t.

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4
Q

The richest 10% of the population receive how many more times as much public spending on transport than the poorest 10%.

A

4

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5
Q

Car owners in the lowest income quantile spend what percentage of total household expenditure on motoring?

A

25

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6
Q

Two types of equity

A

Horizontal and vertical

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7
Q

Horizontal equity

A

Equal distribution of costs and benefits between groups

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8
Q

Vertical equity

A

Equal distribution of costs and benefits within a group.

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9
Q

Intragenerational

A

Between people today

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10
Q

Intergenerational

A

Includes future generations

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11
Q

Environmental Justice

A

Equal access to a clean environmental and equal protection from possible environmental harm irrespective of race, income or class.

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12
Q

Environmental Racism

A

The disproportionate impacts of pollution borne by communities of colour around the world.

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13
Q

Conclusions from Green Space Study in the US and China

A

Many US minority communities lack green space access.

Urban greening can however create paradoxical effects such as gentrification.

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14
Q

Cost Recovery

A

Transport expenditures are evaluated according to whether users pay their costs.

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15
Q

Cost based on Congestion

A

Transport investments are evaluated according to most cost-effective roadway capacity expansion

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16
Q

Cost based on Vehicle Miles Travelled

A

Transport investments are evaluated according to which route or mode can increase vehicle travel at the least cost.

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17
Q

Cost based on Passenger Miles Travelled

A

Transport investments are evaluated according to the most cost-effective way of increasing personal mobility.

18
Q

Cost based on Passenger Trips

A

Transport investments are evaluated according to the costs of each trip.

19
Q

Cost based on Access

A

Transport investments are evaluated according to where improved access can be accommodated at the lowest cost.

20
Q

Cost based on Mobility Need

A

Transport investments are evaluated according to which provides the greatest benefits to disadvantaged people.

21
Q

Cost based on Affordability

A

Transport user fees are evaluated with respect to users’ ability to pay.

22
Q

Three pillars of sustainability

A

Environmental sustainability
Social sustainability
Economic sustainability

23
Q

Four principles of sustainability

A

Futurity
Equity and social justice
Public participation
Environment

24
Q

Futurity

A

Concern for future generations

25
Q

Public participation

A

Ensuring that all individuals can participate in decisions that affect them

26
Q

Mobility

A

Ease of moving

27
Q

Accessibility

A

Ease of reaching

28
Q

Social Exclusion

A

Loss of ability to connect with many of the jobs, services and facilities that they need to participate fully in society.

29
Q

Travel Horizons

A

People have different ideas about how far and where they can travel within their comfort zone.

30
Q

Addressing social exclusion

A

Accessibility planning
Improvements to public transport
Accessibility to be given greater weight in land use planning
Measures to tackle road casualties in disadvantaged neighbourhoods.
Reduce fear of crime.

31
Q

Accessibility Planning

A

A systematic assessment of whether people can get to key activities/services, as part of the LTP (local transport planning) process, but involving other agencies.

32
Q

Transport Accessibility Planning

A

Mapping the time or cost of travel through the multi-modal transport system. Analysing levels of provision of different types of service to different groups of people.

33
Q

Transport Accessibility Policy Analysis

A 
Social exclusion
Green transport plans
Business relocation
Education transport
Catchment analysis
Public transport route planning
Strategic and local plan development
34
Q

Impacts of Car Dependency

A

More car journeys leads to more congestion, fewer people walking and cycling and shops etc move to more car accessible locations.

35
Q

Bus Impacts of Car Dependency

A

Worse bus services
Less bus ticket income
Bus safety worries

36
Q

Health and active travel impacts of car dependency

A

Drivers are less bike aware

Obesity and low fitness levels

37
Q

Spatial planning impacts of car dependency

A

Longer car journeys
People move to suburbs
Town centres degenerate
More diffuse journey patterns

38
Q

Car dependency affects on different groups

A

Those with the fewest cars exposed to the highest levels of air pollution.
Poor contribute the least.
Where car ownership is the highest the air is the cleanest.
The poor are the lowest emitters and the most polluted.

39
Q

Mitchell (2005) solutions for car dependency

A

Things should get better as technology improves - natural fleet renewal.
Road user charging could improve things but this depends on detailed design.

40
Q

Sustainable transport hierarchy (best to worst)

A
  1. Demand reduction (for powered transport)
  2. Modal shift (to more sustainable and space efficient modes).
  3. Efficiency improvements (of existing modes).
  4. Capacity increases (for powered transport).

Transport, Energy and Environmen (12 decks)

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