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NAVLE Flashcards > Equine Questions > Flashcards

Equine Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prognosis for acute serum hepatitis in horses?

A

Guarded to poor prognosis

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of acute hepatitis and hepatic failure in horses?

A

Acute serum hepatitis

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3
Q

Acute serum hepatitis may be associated with administration of what anti-toxin?

A

Tetanus anti-toxin

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4
Q

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis is definitively diagnosed based off of observation of what?

A

Fibrosis, megalocytosis, and bile duct proliferation

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5
Q

What are clinical signs of acute serum hepatitis (Theiler’s disease, serum hepatitis)?

A

Severe icterus, photosensitization, hepatoencephalopathy, acute depression, anorexia, and pica

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6
Q

How do you treat acute serum hepatitis?

A

Non-specific supportive therapy (i.e. fluid therapy, dextrose supplementation, anti-inflammatories, etc.)

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7
Q

What is the difference in clinical signs between acute serum hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis?

A

None, the clinical signs are the same just more chronic in nature

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8
Q

What is the biggest difference in diagnosis between acute serum hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis?

A

The hepatocytes may appear normal and there are varying degrees of fibrosis in the portal areas

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9
Q

This is a chronic, progressive intoxication resulting from consumption of plants containing these? It causes hepatobiliary disease in horses.

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity

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10
Q

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity causes hepatocytes to be unable to divide and form what?

A

Megalocytes

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11
Q

What are clinical signs of pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity?

A

Non-specific liver signs: weight loss, icterus, and photosensitization

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12
Q

How do you definitively diagnose PA toxicity?

A

Fibrosis, megalocytosis, and bile duct proliferation on microscopy

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13
Q

How do you treat PA toxicity in horses?

A

Remove PA containing plants and provide supportive care

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14
Q

What IgG blood/serum level determines adequate passive transfer within newborn foals?

A

> 800 mg/dL

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15
Q

Newborn foals must nurse within how much time after being born to absorb maternal antibodies?

A

Within a few hours

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16
Q

This is the presence of bacteria within blood along with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome

A

Septicemia

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17
Q

What are signs associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome?

A

Tachycardia, tachypnea, hypo-hyperthemia, leukocytosis or leukopenia, and presence of banded neutrophils

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18
Q

What are predisposing factors to septicemia?

A

FPT, Contaminated environment, endemic infectious diseases, overcrowding

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19
Q

Septicemia is most common in?

A

Foals

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20
Q

What are the most common gram NEGATIVE bacteria isolated from foals with septicemia?

A

E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Actinobacillus, Pseudomonas

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21
Q

What are the most common gram POSITIVE bacteria isolated from foals with septicemia?

A

Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter

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22
Q

What are some clinical signs of a foal with septicemia?

A

Weakness, lethargy, inappetence, hypovolemia, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypothermia/hyperthermia, diarrhea

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23
Q

How do you treat septicemia?

A
  • Supportive care
  • Abx: beta-lactam + aminoglycosides
  • Nutritional support
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24
Q

This general term is used to describe abdominal pain in horses

A

Colic

25
Q

What are some common colic signs?

A
  • Frequent pawing
  • Kicking at the abdomen with hind legs
  • Stretching out as if to urinate
  • Laying down
  • Rolling
  • Anorexia
  • Sweating
  • Muscle fasciculations
  • Flehman response
26
Q

What is the pathogenesis of small intestinal disease in horses?

A

SI strangulation that devitalizes tissues

27
Q

A mesenteric ______ on a stalk twists around one or more pieces of the SI causing strangulation

A

Lipoma (affects older horses)

28
Q

This is a twist in the SI causing strangulation at the root of the twist

A

Volvulus

29
Q

This small intestinal disease occurs in younger horses due to diet changes, parasites (most commonly in the ileocecal region)

A

Intussusception

30
Q

What is a common cause of intussusception in younger horses?

A

Parasites

31
Q

This small intestinal disease only allows the small intestine to become strangulated when they are smaller

A

Herniation

32
Q

This is a SI disease where a piece of SI is entrapped through a rent causing strangulation

A

Mesenteric defect

33
Q

This often mimics SI obstruction and can be medically managed

A

Anterior/proximal enteritis

34
Q

What are some clinical signs of small intestinal disease acute colic?

A

severe pain, gastric reflux, transabdominal US shows dilated/non-motile loops of SI, serosanguinous abdominal fluid, rarely palpable distended loops of SI on rectal exam

35
Q

How do you treat small intestinal disease acute colic?

A

Surgically; RNA if bowel is devitalized already

36
Q

What is the prognosis of small intestinal acute colics?

A

Guarded

37
Q

This is a severe form of colic that can happen to horses of any age. A portion of the colon twists and rapidly becomes ischemic and necroses.

A

Large intestinal volvulus/torsion

38
Q

Large intestinal volvulus/torsion is most common is what equine population?

A

Older broodmares; just before parturition or up to 4 months postpartum

39
Q

What are the clinical signs for large intestinal volvulus/torsion?

A

Severe pain, elevated HR, systemic shock, NO gastric reflux (too caudal to allow fluid to back up to stomach), palpable diffuse gas distention on LI

40
Q

How do you treat large intestinal volvulus/torsion?

A

Surgical correction, there is a risk of endotoxic shock when volvulus is corrected

41
Q

This type of impaction results from a backup of fecal matter

A

Colonic impaction

42
Q

What are some risk factors of colonic impaction?

A

Older horses with poor dental care, decreased water intake, small colon impactions with mini horses

43
Q

What are some clinical signs of colonic impactions?

A
  • mild, intermittent colic signs
  • decreased manure production
  • palpable firm feed impaction
44
Q

How do you treat colonic impactions?

A

Analgesics, oral fluids with laxatives

45
Q

What is the prognosis for colonic impactions?

A

Good

46
Q

This is a very common type of colic that can be caused by diet change or upset?

A

Colonic tympany or gas colic

47
Q

What is the main risk factors for gas colic?

A

Diet change or grain overload

48
Q

What clinical signs are associated with gas colic?

A
  • mild to severe pain, spasmodic
  • heart rate, abdominal distension, and rectal palpable gas
49
Q

What is the treatment for gas colic?

A

Analgesics, sedation, IV and oral fluids

50
Q

What is the prognosis of gas colic?

A

Good

51
Q

This is displacement colon between cecum and right body wall

A

Right dorsal displacement

52
Q

This is another name for nephrosplenic entrapment

A

Left dorsal displacement

53
Q

What population of horses is predisposed to colonic impaction?

A

Large breeds (i.e. warmbloods)

54
Q

How do you diagnose colonic impactions?

A
  • palpable tight bands on rectal exam
  • nephrosplenic entrapment
55
Q

What is the treatment for colonic impaction?

A

Medically initially, surgical if no improvement
- For nephrosplenic entrapment: give phenylephrine IV to shrink spleen and decrease nephrosplenic space

56
Q

What are some risk factors of horses living in areas with sandy soil?

A

Enteroliths and sand colics

57
Q

The precipitation of struvite salts (magnesium ammonium phosphate) that form around a nidus cause what?

A

Enteroliths

58
Q

What are some clinical signs of enteroliths/sand colic?

A
  • Fluid wave on sand in ventral abdomen
59
Q
A

NAVLE Flashcards (2 decks)

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