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Equine Exercise Phys > Equine Physiology > Flashcards

Equine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Heart Sounds

A

S1 - S4 = all heard in horse & normal

Split S1 may be heard = normal
- indicative of venrtricles emptying at different rates d/t athletic hypertrophy (especially of LV)

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2
Q

Measuring HR

A
  • indirect ausc. w/ steth
  • arterial palpation = submandibular a./facial a.
  • on-board HR monitor
  • ECG = holter recorder mounted on horse, telemetry
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3
Q

Normal HR

A

Foal = 60-80/min if relaxed *(~2x the adults’)
*
Adult at rest: 24/min < HR < 40/min
- have high vagal tone that leads to low resting HR
- ↓ rate is physiologic by ↑HR with excitation/excercise

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4
Q

HRrest

A

↑ with:
- excitation
- fatigue
- pain
- cardiac abnormalities
- other illiness +/- fever

HRrest is NOT affected by level of fitness

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5
Q

HRexercise

A

Walk = 60-100/min
Trot/Pace = 100-140/min
Canter = 140-160/min
Gallop = 160-220/min

Anaerobic treshold ~160-180/min
HRmax ~ 220-240/min

↑ with:
- exercise intensity
- ↓ degree of fitness/conditioning
- excitation
- fatigue
- pain
- cardiac abnormality or other illness

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6
Q

HRrecovery

A

should decline by at least 50% in first 30s recovery after exercise

↑ with:
- excercise intensity
- ↓ degree of fitness/conditioning
- excitation
- fatigue
- pain
- cardiac abnormality or other illness

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7
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

amount of blood pumped by heart in single beat

resting SV in adult = 900-1300 ml

does not change measurable with onset of exercise

Larger heart → ↑SV → ↑CO (if HR constant)

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8
Q

Measuring Heart Size

A

1) Heart Score = sum of QRS durations at an ECG paper speed of 50/mm/sec
2) Echocardiography

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9
Q

Cardiac Output (Q)

A

Q (L/min) = HR (bpm) x SV (L)

exercise → ↑ Q
- if SV remains constant then ↑ Q ← ↑ HR

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10
Q

Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max)

A

best indicator of aerobic capacity in any athlete
measured with facemask system

Fick Principle → Vo2 = Q x (a-v O2 difference)

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11
Q

Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

A

indicator of red cell mass + oxygen-carrying capacity

↑ with:
- dehydration (along with TP, USG)
- training
- altitude
- blood transfusion
- eyrthropoietin (r-EPO/darbopoeitin)

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12
Q

Splenic Reserve

A

PCVrest = 30-45%

with onset of exercise, spleen contracts & releases stored RBC mass into circulation
PCVexercise = 55-65%

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13
Q

Cobalt

A

Inhibits enzyme which breakdown of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF-Ia) →
- ↑ HIF-1a → ↑ activity of EPO gene → ↑ production of endogenous EPO → ↑ circulating red cell mass → ↑ oxygen-carrying capacity

stage racing regulators are now setting thresholds for [Co] in urine &/or plasma

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14
Q

Exercise → ↑ Q

A

blood diverted to excercising tissues
- muscles
- heart + lungs

blood is diverted away from non-excercising tissues
- GI tract blood flow ↓
- skin blood flow ↓

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15
Q

BP

A

BP = Q x TPR

excercise → ↑ Q → ↑ BP unless TPR ↓

exercise → ↓ TPR in exercising muscles
- ↑ blood flow to exercising muscle
- ↑ delivery of O2 + other nutrients (glu, FFA) to exercising muscles

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16
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

oral, scleral, nasal, vaginal

capillary refill time = CRT
- blanch oral mm with thumb pressure
- normal = 1-2s
- delayed CRT implies circulatory compromise

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17
Q

↑ Training/Conditioning

CV Effect

A

↓ HRexercise at given WL
↓ HRrecovery
↑ VO2max
↑ PV
↑ RBCmass
↑ blood HB content
↑ capillary density in muscle

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18
Q

Tissue Oxygenation for Exercise

A
  • movement of ambient O2 to alveolus = ventilation
  • movement of alveolar O2 across alveolar + capillary membranes = diffusion
  • movement of diffused O2 thru blood = transport via Hb
  • discharge of O2 to exercising tissues
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19
Q

Horses are obligate:

A

obligate nose-breathers
- dilate nostrils
- abduct laryngeal arytenoid cartilages
- bronchodilate

can breathe in so hard the nostrils collapse

horse mouth breathing = bad

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20
Q

Respiratory Rate

A

Foal = 20-30/min
Adult at rest = 12-20/min

adult w/ exercise:
- RR linked 1:1 with stride rate at canter/gallop (1 breath per cycle)
- RR approaches 180-200/min w/ exercise

should decline rapidly after exercise
- inversion = RR > HR during recovery

↑ RRrecovery indicates:
- unfitness
- overheating = panting
- overuse = exhaustion

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21
Q

Ventilation

A

Ve = f (breaths/min) x Vt (L/breath)
f = RR

At rest = 50-60 L/min
at full gallop = >1800 L/min

at nares → max airflow ~40 L/s thru each nostril
- total max flow → ~70-80 L/s

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22
Q

Respiratory-Locomotory Coupling

A

fixed ratio between RR (f) + stride freq. (SF)

fast canter + gallop = 1:1
- inhale when forelimbs extended in stride
- exhale when standing one forelimb + hindlimbs flexed underneath in stride
- abdominal piston/pendulum explanation

trot/pace usually = 2:1
- horse is on same diagonal or same pace side when it inhales
- horse is on opposite diagonal or pace side when it exhales

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23
Q

Hypoxemia Mechanisms

A

assuming normal red cell mass, normal heart:
1) ↓ ventilation (hypercapnea a hallmark)
2) diffusion limitation
3) V/Q mismatch
4) shunt (failure to respond to O2 therapy is hallmark)
5) transport limitation (anemia, cardiac pump failure)

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24
Q

Excercised-Induced Arterial Hypoxemia

A

normal horses undergoing max intensity exercise →
- ↓ paO2 (hypoxemia)
- ↑ paCO2 (hypercapnia) → indicative of hypoventilation

horse literally cannot breathe fast & deep enough
- should ↑ ventilatory drive but does not
- probably d/t resp-locomotory coupling

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25
Q

RBC time in capillaries

A

at rest = ~1s in cap

w/ exercise = 0.38-0.40s in cap

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26
Q

Upper Airway Obstructions w/ Exercise in Horses

A
  • Left laryngeal hemiplegia (LLH)
  • dorsally-displaced soft-palate (DDSP)
  • epiglottic entrapment
  • dynamic pharyngeal collapse
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27
Q

Dorsal pharyngeal collapse

A

when placed on bit
with ↑ poll flexion, repeatable DDSP + coughing but no other noise was ever apparent

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28
Q

Lung Sounds

A

Lung Borders:
- rib 6 ccjxn
- rib 11 mid-thorax
- rib 16 at tuber coxae level

normal sounds = slight air movement

re-breathing bag
- bag over nostrils →→→ ↑ RR +/- depth → ↑ ability to auscult abnormal lung sounds

cannot hear lung sounds through back musculature of horses

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29
Q

Abnormal Lung Sounds

A

Wheezes
- indicative of ↓ airway d/t bronchoconstriction or exudate
- high-pitched musical sounds similar to pipe organ

Crackles
- indicative of rapid alveolar opening, alveoli prev. collapsed d/t exudate
- indicatived of exudate which moves around w/ resp resulting in rattling/popping/crackling sound
- harsh sound similar to cellophane

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30
Q

Lower Airway Obstructions with Exercise in Horses

A
  • poor mucociliary clearance 2nd to viral infxn
  • pneumonia
  • COPD (or RAO)
  • exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)
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31
Q

↑ Training/Conditioning →

Resp Effect

A

1) resp system thought to not be trainable
- VE does not change with ↑ fitness (only mild increase in respiratory muscle)

2) ↓ RR w/ ↑ fitness thought to be more of a function of:
- ↑ CV fitness
- ↑ IM fitness, ↑ aerobic enzyme capacities
- ↑ thermoregulatory capacity

3) same VO2 at given WL
4) ↑VO2max by 15-20%

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32
Q

Horse Dietary Energy Sources

A

CHO > fat > protein

-CHO from :
- grains (starch) eaten as concentrates
- minor CHO source = hindgut use of fiber

Dietary VFA from hindgut ferm. of fiber

protein should not be considered a good source of energy in horses

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33
Q

Energy for exercise/work comes from:

A

high energy phosphate bonds (ATP, CP)

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34
Q

Anaerobic Threshold

A
  • point of “onset of blood lactate accumulation” (OBLA)
  • point at which IM lactate production + accumulation overwhelms liver’s ability to catabolize lactate → ↑ plasma [LA]

typically ~ 60-80% of max effort (% HRmax + %VO2max)

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35
Q

Standard [LA] Measurement

A

Commonly agreed that 5-10 min post-exercise = peak plasma [LA] for most exercise bouts
- ↑ active warm-down → ↓ IM + plasma [LA]

post-exercise [LA] can be used to assess:
- innate ability
- severity of exercise bout
- fitness
- response to training (should ↓ with ↑ fitness)

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36
Q

Mechanisms of Fatigue

A

Peripheral Fatigue:
- ↑ [LA]
- ↓ substrate availability (↓ blood + muscle GLC or FFA)

Central Fatigue:
- ↓ blood + brain GLC
- ↑ blood + brain NH3
- ↑ blood + brain tryptophan

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37
Q

Does ↑ [LA] → ↑ fatigue?

A

LA productin allows anaerobic exercise to continue longer than if not produced

↑ [LA] → altered Ca2+ activity @ muscular SR
- ↓ myofibrillar contractility
- ↑ muscular fatigue

glucose infusions can help delay onset of fatigue

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38
Q

CNS Balance w/ Exercise

A
  • perfusion of CNS = hydration, BP, oxygenation
  • A-B/electrolyte balance
  • thermoregulation
  • energy balance (blood glucose)
  • neurotoxins from exercise
  • peripheral v central fatigue
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39
Q

Central Fatigue

A

↑ blood [NH3] associated with intracranial neuro signs in horses w/ hepatoencephalopathy
- possible central mediator of fatigue
- tested infusions = no treatment effect on time to fatigue

another proposed mediator = tryptophan
- used ilegally in USA show hunters to calm them down for horse shows
- tryptophan overrides glucose

40
Q

Ergogenics Mechanisms

A
  • supp. fuel for energy production
  • affect flux of fuels in energy pathways
  • delay or minimize affects of end-product accumulation (heat,lactate)
  • affect NS by affecting coordination, recruitment of muscle fibers or psychological effects
41
Q

Nutritional Mechanisms Used Frequently for “Improving” Performance in Horses

A
  • dietary manipulations
  • B vitamins
  • antioxidants
  • hemantinics
  • alkalinizers
42
Q

Dietary Manipulations for Exercising Horses

A

Type of feed before exercise:
- ↑ CHO
- ↑ fat
- ↑ sugar beet pulp (SBP)
- ↑ protein

Debate: composition of meal
- forage v grain
- amount of forage
- timing of forage

43
Q

Forage v Grain Before Exercise

A

Forage:
- meals consumend 2-3 hrs pre-exercise have minimal effects on substrate availabilty + oxidation during sustained exercise
- hay ad libitum for 12-24 hrs pre-exercise may ↑ gut fill → ↑ BW → ↓ performance

Grain:
- corn, oats, or mix
- feed < 3hrs prior to exercise
- at onset of exercise → ↑ blood [GLC + insulin] + ↓ plasma [NEFA]
- during initial exercise → ↓ blood [GLC] (glycemic effect)

44
Q

Dietary Manipulation:
↑ CHO

A

↑ muscle glycogen content
no demonstrable positive effect on performance
↑ HR + ↑ blood LA accumulation in high intensity exercise
**
danger of CHO overload = laminitis**

45
Q

Dietary Manipulation:
↑ Fat

A
  • inclusion of vegetbale oil fat common in diets for athletic horses
  • up to 20% total daily DE may be fed as fat
  • several weeks necessary for fat adaptation
    -may commercial diets now ↑ fat & ↓ CHO

↑ plasma phospholipids + cholesterol
↓ plasma triglycerides
↑muscle activity of lipoprotein lipase + b-oxidation enzymes

  • adult horses eventually tolerate 1 cup corn oil 2x daily top-dressed on regular grain ration
  • fat spoils easily in summertime if ration not fully consumed
46
Q

Dietary Manipulations:
↓ SBP

A

Non-starch high-CHO feeds have become common additive for atheletes
- ↑ fiber intake in concentrate diet = SBP or soya hulls
- ↓ glycemic + insulinemic responses to concetrate meal
molasses SBP → no change in responses

47
Q

Dietary Manipulations:
↑ Proteins

A

protein is an unimportant substrate during exercise

dietary protein > 2g/kg b wt in endurance

adverse effects on:
- water intake
- urea metabolism
- ammonia metabolism
- ↑ urinary N*

*adverse effects on resp health d/t ↑ ammonia content of urine in stalls

48
Q

B Vitamins

A

most equine diets contain sufficient B vitamin conc. except B12 since its gut-synthesized

B1 = thiamine
- coenzyme in coversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA
- given in high enough doses, it would lower blood [LA]
-

49
Q

Carnitine

A

produced from dietary precursors

commerical carnitine supplements produced/marketed for horses
- poorly absorbed from equine GI tract
- no measurable ↑ in muscle/plasma [carnitine]

50
Q

Antioxidants

A

protect tissues from oxidant damage
- oxidants produced at ↑ rate duringe exercise

ex) vit. E, C, B-carotene, coenzyme Q10

above-optimal levels not ergogenic

51
Q

Vitamin E

A

deficiency not common in horses
- degenerative myelopathy
- equine LMN disease (LMND)

deficiency → ↓ time to fatigue in horses

negative correlation between plasma [antioxidants] & [CK/AST] after endurance exercises

52
Q

Hematinics

A

“blood-builders”
widely used in horse industry
limited research to support use
spleen = huge red cell reserve for horse

examples involved in Hb/RBC synthesis:
- iron, copper, zin
- B6, B12, folic acid

iron deficiency does not occur in horses under normal NRC feeding conditions
normal horses’ red cell parameters do not respond to hematinics

53
Q

Alkalinizers

A

exercise of sufficient intensity results in accumulation of lactic acid → acidosis may adversely affect contractile properties of exercising muscle

oral bicarb supp. produces metabolic alkalosis which may help to buffer lactic acidosis & allow continued intense exercise

illegal under nearly all racing rules (test close to race time)

manipulate race outcome by:
- improving performance when used
- adversely affecting performance when withdrawn

furosemide ↑ plasma bicarb

oral sodium acetate produced metabolic alkalosis similar to that produced by sodium bicard but with later peaks in pH, pCO2, tCO2, HCO3- + BE

54
Q

Muscle Fiber Types

A

distribution based primarily on myosin ATPase staining activity (depends on pH of stain)
- Type I = endurance fibers
- Type II = sprinting fibers

55
Q

Type I
Muscle Fibers

A

endurance
“red”
↑ myosin ATPase activity after acid-preincubation
↓ in area (not as powerful)
↑ aerobic capacity (endurance)
- ↑ TCA cycle activity
- ↑ mitochondrial enzyme activites → ↑ oxidative phosphorylation

56
Q

Type II
Muscle Fibers

A

sprinting
“white”
↓ myosin ATPase activity after acid pre-incubation
↑ in area (more powerful)
↓ aerobic capacity

57
Q

Training of Fiber Types

A
  • can’t convert between types I + II
  • can improve oxidative characteristics of Type II fibers w/ endurance training
  • training can result in measurable ↑ in oxidative enzymes characteristic of endurance/aerobic fitness
58
Q

Myostatin

A

myokine protein normally responsible for inhibition of myogenesis = musce cell growth + differentiation

animals lacking myostatin have more mucle mass

those with mutations in both copies of gene = signifcantly more muscle mass

Absence:
- double-muscled cattle = belgian blue, piedmontese
- whippets
- TB “speed gene”

59
Q

↑ Training/Conditioning →

Muscular Response

A

change fiber type distribution ← ↑ oxidative fiber types

↑ muscle enzyme conc. →
- ↑ muscle oxi. capacity
- ↑ muslce aerobic enzyme conc.
- NC in muscle anaerobic enzyme conc.
- ↑ fat catabolism for energy source

↑ muscle glycogen conc.
↑ muscle fiber hypertrophy
↑ muscle capillary density
↑ muscle capillary transit time
↑ a-v O2 difference
↑ myoglobin conc. → ↑ O2 transport
↑ NM coordination/motor skill

60
Q

Wolff’s law

A

bone remodels according to stress/loads placed upon it

normal bone requires certain daily loads/stresses to maintain normal homeostasis

strain = derformation as result of load
stress = force applied/cross sectional area

exercise stresses/loads:
- training/conditioning excercises
- velocity of training + performing
- event specific strains/loads + stresses

61
Q

Bone Remodeling + Assessment

A
  • exercise induces remodeling of bone
  • changes take weeks-months
  • less malleable than CV or muscular responses to exercise
  • failure in bone adaptation can result in injury or failure or bone +/- soft tissue

Assessment:
- radiography
- scintigraphy
- U/S velocity
- markers of bone metabolism
- CT, MRI, PET
- etc.

62
Q

Skeletal Scintigraphy

A
  • areas of ↑ bone activity have ↑ uptake of phosphorus/phosphate
  • uptake of radiolabeled MDP is also ↑ in areas of ↑ bone activity
  • after administration of MDP, gamma camera detects ↑ gamma emmission from areas of ↑ bone activity
63
Q

Repeated training loads may result in:

Skeletal Response

A
  • asymptomatic appropriate changes in bone
  • asymptomatic inappropriate changes in bone - diffcult to diagnose
  • symptomatic inappropriate changes in bone
64
Q

Detraining

A

period of time after training/conditioning program has been discontinued

undergoing stepwise treadmill exercise test after 5 weeks of rest - previously fit SB horses had no measurable changes in:
- VO2max
- Q
- blood gas tensions
- pH
- plasma [LA]

  • less rapid ↓ in aerobic capacity than humans
  • minimal ↓ in agility flexibility, skill, NM coordination
  • NC in muscle strenght (anaerobic capacity)
  • sprinters especially can maintain fitness during brief periods of enforced rest
65
Q

Long Slow Distance Training (LSD)

A
  • all atheltic horses + sprinters can benefit from ↑ CV fitness
  • long slow trotting work → ↑ CV fitness
  • only trains horse to go slowly
  • eventually speed workouts must be introduced for sprinters

response specific to sprint training:
- NC in muscle anaerobic enzyme conc.
- ↑ muscle hypertrophy
- ↑ NM coordination
- ↑ muscle capillary destiny
- ↑ mnuscle capillary transit time
- ↑ a-v O2 difference
- ↑ myoglobin conc. → ↑ O2 transport

66
Q

Interval Training

A
  • adopted in humans
  • effective means of training SB racehorses
  • commonly do 2-3 sprinting exercises with considerable jogging between bouts
  • ~ fewer reps than humans

5 wks of combined interval + endurance training → metabolic adaptations comparable to those seen with 12 mo of conventional SB race training

most agree:
- not a panacea
- harder on horses’ legs + minds
- requires more attention + time + patience

67
Q

Hill Training

A
  • event horses + endurance horses must compete over varied terrain
  • trail riding for fitness training inevitably leads to terrain changes
  • commonly used in England for TB racehorse training
68
Q

Racing Disciplines

A

true sprinters
training (sprinting) →
- ↑ muscular strenght → ↑ power
- ↑ CV conditioning

69
Q

FEI Disciplines

A
  • dressage + para-dressage
  • driving + para-driving
  • jumping
  • eventing
  • vaulting
  • endurance
70
Q

Olympic Equestrian Sports

A
  • dressage
  • jumping
  • eventing (3 days) = dressage + cross country + jumping tests
71
Q

Dressage

A

each horse in class performs same test

test designed to elicit horse + rider pair’s ability + preparadness to demonstrate:
- willingness/behavior
- movement/gait
- balance
- suppleness

welfare issue in europe regarding poll hyperflexion
- can lead to dorsal pharyngeal collapse when on bit
- repeatable DDSP + coughing may occur

72
Q

Reining

A

“western seat dressage”

all competitors ride a single published pattern
ground jury members score the ride
high score wins

prone to hind limb injuries d/t sliding stops:
- stifle
- hock
- high suspensory

might wear special shoes

73
Q
A
74
Q

Hunter/Jumpers

A

Hunters:
- judged by manners, freedom of movement + gait, temperament

Jumpers:
- not judged
- scored on ability to clear jumps without knockdowns within time allowed

75
Q

Eventing

A

Long Format (Classic)
- Day 1 = dressage test
- Day 2 = cross country (4 phases)
- Day 3 = jumping test

Short Format
- only phase D - cross country of cross country test
- seperate team + individual competitions
- need seperate horses for one trainer

76
Q

D Box

A

rectal temp may increase to ~107F
inital HR ~180-200/min
initial RR ~180/min

indicators of a need for ↑ cooling efforts:
- T ↑ while recovering
- inversion of HR + RR while recovering

aggressive cooling may be required

77
Q

Rotational Fall

A

when jumping over hurdles
horses prone to injure shoulder, neck or head
rider prone to injury

different hurdles made to help prevent injury
- frangible pins = has soft spot that break upon contact
- MIMs chlips = keeps pole from falling + rolling away

78
Q

Driving

A

retain “long format”
- Phase A = trotting
- Phase D = walking to recover from A
- Phase E = obstacles

79
Q

Endurance Racing

A

races = 25-100 miles < 24 hrs

arabians most successful
- ↑ type I fibers
- ↑ plasma [FFA]
- ↓ RER

lose ~5% of BW in 100 miles → takes ~48hrs to put weight back on

80
Q

Competitive Trail Rides

A
  • distance event similar to endurance racing
  • distance = 12-100 miles
  • shorter segments split 1-3 days

Ride is judged, not based on fastest finisher:
- fitness : HR recovery
- soundess/way of going
- horses’ trail manners/behavior

81
Q

Draft Horses

A

~1400-2200 lbs
true weight-lifters

large muscles masses →
- ↑ power for pulling loads
- ↓ endurance for long trips
- poor innate CV abilities
- thermoregulation is more difficult

smaller heart + spleen size relative to size compared to other breeds

82
Q

Racing v Non-Racing Governing Bodies

A

Racing:
- international = by ind. country
- canada = provincial
- USA = by individual states

Non-racing
- FEI
- Equine canada
- USEF (USA)

83
Q

Drug Testing Philosophies

A

1) Zero Tolerance = FEI
2) allowable limits
3) performance day use allowed (have thresholds)

84
Q

General Medication Categories

A
  • To win = stimulant, ergogenics
  • To lose = depressants
  • to restore “normal performance” = NSAIDS, intra-articular corticosteroids
  • to mask/dilute = diuretics
85
Q

Performance-Enhancing Drugs

A
  • stimulants = opioids, cocaine, amphetamines
  • ergogenics = bicarb + other alkalinizers
  • blood-doping = EPO
  • anabolics = anabolic steroids, GH, B adrenergic agonists
86
Q

Stimulants

A
  • primarily a problem in racing jurisdictions
  • cocain + opioids
  • suspected in horses with quick improvement of racing form
  • non-racing horses which must be fast/animated = barrel racing + gaited horses
  • tail (ginger)
  • visual
  • auditory
87
Q

Performance Enhancers

A

difficult to prove given drug enahnces performance but still used/prohibited

  • stimulants
  • ergogenics = bicard, alkalinizing agents
  • anabolic steroids = testosterone, etc.
  • clenbuterol - bronchodilator, anabolic effects (prohibited in food animals)
88
Q

Performance-Impairing Drugs

A
  • sedatives = a2 adrenergic agonists (xylazine)
  • tranquilizers = acepromazine, reserpine
  • CV depressants = b-blockers
  • withold water for several hours (drawing) then letting them drink ecessively before racing
89
Q

Depressants

A

For:
- makes racehorse fail to race fast
- non-racing quiet performance

How?
- tranquilizers
- cocaine night before → excessive fatigue next day → quiet performance

90
Q

Performance-Restoration Drugs

A
  • bronchodilators
  • NSAIDS
  • corticosteroids
91
Q

Maintenance drugs that may alter performance?

A
  • vaccines, anthelminthics
  • feed additives = vitamins, minerals
92
Q

Analgesics

A
  • opioids = prohibited under all rules
  • NSAIDS = rules vary widely for use during competition
93
Q

Masking Agents

A

diuretics
- enhance urine production
- furosemide

not as critical in horses when relying on blood/plasma test as opposed to urine tests only

94
Q

RCI Uniform Classification Guidelines
1992

A
  1. No accepted therapeutic value
  2. therapeutics + high abuse potential
  3. therapeutics + lower abuse potential
  4. therapeutics + lowest abuse potential
  5. misc. therapeutics with no abuse potential but conc. limits
95
Q

FEI MCP

medication control programme

A

Zero Tolerance:
- for many meds especially analgesics on performance day
- all NSAIDS prohibited since ‘92

Allowed Substances (2012)
- most abx
- anthelminthics
- vitamins
- fluids + electrolytes
- anti-ulcer meds

positives in the 90s mostly d/t show jumpers

96
Q

USEF General Drug Rule Categories

A
  • stimulants
  • depressants
  • performance enhancers
  • analgesics
  • masking agents

prohitied NSAID used in 2011
- may not use more than 1 NSAID at any time in comp
- plasma restrictions set in place

Positives
- NSAIDs > allowable limits
- tranquilizers = short v long acting

97
Q

Drug Regulations Summary

A

FEI has zero tolerance for detection of drugs during performance

EC + USEF allows one NSAID during performance

Equine Exercise Phys (1 decks)

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