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Equine > Equine Parasites and Diagnostics > Flashcards

Equine Parasites and Diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

The amount of clinical disease a horse will show depends on what 3 factors?

A 
type of parasite involved
number of parasites involved
host defenses (young and debilitated animals more susceptible)
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2
Q

What is the life cycle of the parasite?

A

eggs or larvae deposited in manure
eggs or larvae develop in the environment and swallowed while horse is grazing
larvae mature in horse’s digestive tract where they become egg laying adults

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3
Q

What are the common signs of Internal parasites?

A 
poor growth 
weight loss
decreased feed efficiency
colic 
diarrhea
pneumonia
death
dull hair coat
poor performance
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4
Q

What are the important Internal parasites of the horse?

A 
large strongyle (S. vulgaris, S. edentatus, S. equinus)
small strongyle (Cyathostemes)
roundworm (Ascarids)
Bots (Gastrophilus spp.)
pinworms (Oxyuris equi)
tapeworms (Anoplochephala)
threadworm (Strongyloides)
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5
Q

What is another name for Strongylus vulgaris?

A

bloodworm

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6
Q

Which Internal parasite is the most dangerous

A

Strongylus vulgaris

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7
Q

What problems do S. vulgaris cause?

A

thromboembolic colic
various degrees of anemia
larval migration causes formation of aneurysms and infarcts of intestinal circulation

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8
Q

What life cycle does S. vulgaris have?

A

direct

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9
Q

Where does S. vulgaris larvae live?

A

in artery supplying blood to the intestines

blood clots form which block blood supply to the intestines

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10
Q

What is the infective stage of S. vulgaris?

A

3rd stage

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11
Q

What artery is associated with S. vulgaris?

A

cranial mesenteric artery

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12
Q

What is the prepatent period of S. vulgaris?

A

200-332 days

6 mo

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13
Q

How is S. vulgaris dx?

A

fecal float

necropsy (aneurysm of cranial mesenteric artery)

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14
Q

How is S. vulgaris treated?

A

Larvae: ivermectin and moxidectin
Adults: fenbendazole and ivermectin

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15
Q

What happens during the 3rd stage of S. edentatus?

A

migrate to the liver and become encapsulated and molt to 4th stage (~2wks(

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16
Q

What happens during the 4th stage of S. edentatus?

A

larvae wander in the liver for 2mo, leave the liver by ligaments that hold liver in position, wander for months in connective tissue

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17
Q

What is the prepatent period of S. edentatus?

A

11 mo

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18
Q

Where is S. edentatus found?

A

in the lining of the cecum and colon

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19
Q

Where does 3rd stage S. equinus undergo molt?

A

wall of the large intestine

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20
Q

What happens after S. equinus molt?

A

bore into right half of liver

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21
Q

How long does S. equinus stay in the right half of the liver?

A

6-7wks

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22
Q

Where does S. equinus migrate after the liver?

A

enter the pancreas and abdominal cavity where they develop into adults. then reenter the lumen of the large intestine and mate

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23
Q

What is the prepatent period of S. equinus?

A

9mo

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24
Q

How is a strongyle infection dx?

A

fecal float

necropsy

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25
Q

How do you treat large strongyles?

A

ivermectin

moxidectin

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26
Q

How often should you treat for large strongyles?

A

Q 6mo

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27
Q

What is the name of the small strongyle?

A

Cyathosotominae

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28
Q

What type of life cycle does Cyathostominae have?

A

direct

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29
Q

Where do Cyathostominae larvae live?

A

in gut wall of large intestine

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30
Q

Why is the Cyathostominae the internal parasite of highest concern?

A

encysted stage is not affected by dewormers

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31
Q

How long is the life cycle of Cyathostominae?

A

4-6wks

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32
Q

What are the symptoms of Cyathostominae infections?

A

colic
diarrhea
ill thrift (loss of body condition)

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33
Q

What is the common name of Oxyuris equi?

A

pinworm

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34
Q

Where do adult pinworms lay eggs?

A

around anus

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35
Q

What is the tell tale sign of pinworms?

A

bare patches around the tail and perineum (puritius ani)

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36
Q

How do you dx Oxyuris equi (pinworms)?

A 
egg masses in perineal region
tail rubbing
eggs in feces (rare)
adults in feces 
tape test
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37
Q

How do you treat Oxyuris equi (pinworms)?

A

moxidectin
piperazine
pyrantel

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38
Q

What is the common name of the Gastrophilius spp?

A

stomach bots

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39
Q

What are the 3 types of Gastrophilius spp?

A

G. nasalis
G. hemorrhoidalis
G. intestinalis

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40
Q

Where are G. nasalis eggs laid?

A

hairs of jawbone

yellow

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41
Q

What is the life cycle of G. nasalis?

A

eggs laid on jawbone hairs (~5-6d)->migrate between molars of teeth (~several weeks) ->(molt and swallowed) migrate to duodenum

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42
Q

What is the prepatent period of G. nasalis?

A

9mo

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43
Q

Where are G. hemorroidalis eggs laid?

A

on lip hairs

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44
Q

What color are G. hemorroidails eggs?

A

black

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45
Q

What is the life cycle of G. hemmoroidalis?

A

eggs laid on lip hairs (~2-4d) -> burrows in mucus membranes ->migrate to stomach ->duodenum

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46
Q

Where are the eggs of G. intestinalis laid?

A

yellow flecks in fur (moisture in breath makes them molt)

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47
Q

What is the life cycle of bots?

A

eggs laid in fur (moisture in breath makes them molt) -> burrow in tounge (~1mo) ->go between molars -> stomach only

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48
Q

How do you dx bots?

A

see eggs on mane and hair
endoscopy of stomach
necropsy
knowing flies are in the area

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49
Q

How do you treat bots?

A 
only wormers effective against insects kill bots
ivermectin
moxidectin
nits removed from hair by bot knife
warm water with insecticide added
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50
Q

What are the stomach worms?

A

Habronema muscae
H. microstoma
Draschia megastoma

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51
Q

Where is Draschia megastoma found?

A

in tumor like swellings in the stomach wall

52
Q

What condition can Habronema cause?

A

summer sores

ulcerative conjunctivitis

53
Q

How do you dx stomach worms?

A

fecal floatation

skin scraping of summer sores

54
Q

How do you treat stomach worms?

A

ivermectin

moxidectin

55
Q

What is the roundworm (ascarids)?

A

Parascaris equorum

56
Q

Where is Parascaris equorum most commonly found?

A

foals

young horses

57
Q

What can Parascaris equorum cause in foals/young horses?

A

impaction
telescoping of intestine
colic

58
Q

T or F: Parascaris equorum interferes with digestion and absorption of nutrients, notably protein

A

True

59
Q

What type of life cycle does Parascaris equorum have?

A

direct

60
Q

T or F: Parascaris equorum larvae migrate through lungs where they can cause pneumonia

A

True

61
Q

T or F: Parascaris equorum build up in large numbers in the anterior part of the small intestine

A

True

62
Q

What is the infective stage of Pasaracis equorum?

A

2nd stage

63
Q

Where is the Parascaris equorum located?

A

small intestine

64
Q

What is the prepatent period of Parascaris equorum?

A

3 mo

65
Q

What are the c/s of Parascaris equorum?

A 
impaction colic (death)
pneumonia
pot belly
unthrifty appearance
poor hair coat
66
Q

How do you dx Parascaris equorum?

A

c/s
fecal float
necropsy

67
Q

How do you treat Parascaris equorum?

A

most common wormers

68
Q

What are the tapeworms found in the horse?

A

Anoplocephala magna
A. perfoliata
Paranoplocephala mamillana

69
Q

Where are tapeworms found?

A

mostly in cecum

small intestine

70
Q

What valve do tapeworms live at?

A

ileo-cecal valve

71
Q

How do you treat tapeworms?

A

praziquantel

72
Q

What is the name of the threadworm?

A

Strongyloides westeri

73
Q

How long is the life cycle of a threadworm?

A

2 weeks

74
Q

How are threadworms passed to foals?

A

in mother’s milk

75
Q

T or F: Threadworms cause heat foal diarrhea

A

False

76
Q

T or F: Strongyloides is zoonotic and causes cutaneous larval migrans (but not the westeri)

A

True

77
Q

How do you dx Strongyloides?

A

fecal exam for larvae

fecal culture

78
Q

How do you treat Strongyloides?

A

worm mare prior to foaling

worm foal at 4wks of age

79
Q

What is the Baermann apparatus used to detect?

A

lungworms

80
Q

What are the common dewormers?

A

Avermectins (ivermectin (Eqvalan, Zimectin, Equimectrin), moxidectin(Quest))
Tetrahydropyrimidines (Pyrantel (Strongid, Rotation))
Benzimidazoles (Fenbendazole (Panacur, Safeguard))
Praziquantel

81
Q

What parasites are located in the Liver?

A

Strongylus edentatus (larva)

82
Q

What parasites are located in the Stomach?

A

Gastrophilus spp
Draschia megastoma
Habronema spp

83
Q

What parasites are located in the Cecum/Colon?

A

Strongylus vulgaris
Strongylus edentatus
Strongylus equinus
small strongylus

84
Q

What parasites are located in the Small Intestine?

A

Parascaris equorum
Strongyloides westeri
Paranoplocephala mammilana

85
Q

What parasites are located in the rectum?

A

Oxyuris equi

86
Q

What are the 3 classes of Phylum Arthropoda

A

Class Insecta
Class Arachnida
Class Pentastomida

87
Q

What are the orders under Class Insecta?

A 
Order Diptera (flies)
Order Phthiraptera (lice)
Order Siphonaptera (fleas)
Order Schizophora (bots)
88
Q

What is in the Order Acarina?

A

ticks and mites

89
Q

Where are the eggs of the botfly located on the horse?

A

hair of the forelegs, belly, flanks, shoulders

90
Q

T or F: Only the female horse and deer flies bite

A

True

91
Q

What is special about the saliva of the horse fly?

A 
contains anti coagulant
transmits diseases (EIA, Anaplasmosis)
92
Q

What does the Stable fly transmit?

A

EIA

Habronema

93
Q

What larvae cause Summer Sores?

A

Habronema muscae

Habronema majus

94
Q

What is Aberrant Parasitism?

A

when larvae is deposited in wounds

95
Q

What is Culicoides hypersensitivity also known as?

A

queensland itch
sweet itch
summer itch

96
Q

What season is Culicoides most seen in?

A

spring and summer

97
Q

Where is “Sweet Itch” found?

A

tail
rump
back
withers

98
Q

What do “No-See-Ums” transmit?

A

BTV (bluetounge virus)
EHD (epizootic hemorrhagic dz)
EIA

99
Q

What diseases do Mosquitos transmit?

A

WEE
EEE
WNV
VEE

100
Q

T or F: Screwworms are not reportable to USDA

A

False

101
Q

T or F: Lice are Zoonotic

A

True

102
Q

How are Mange Mites transmitted?

A

direct contact

fomites

103
Q

How are Mange Mites treated?

A

ivermectin

104
Q

What do ticks transmit?

A

anaplasmosis
tularemia
tick paralysis
babesiosis

105
Q

What equipment is needed to radiograph a horse?

A 
radiograph machine
caliper
radiograph cassette holder
cassette/film
play-doh or putty
positioning blocks
processor to develop film 
chemical sedation/restraint devices
PPE
106
Q

Why would you pack the grooves of the sole with putty/play-doh?

A

to prevent artifacts created by air pockets of the hoof

artifacts can sometimes mimic fracture lines and obscure true lesions

107
Q

How far are you generally away from the patient when radiographing a horse?

A

30-40 inches

108
Q

T or F: Removal of the shoe is recommended when taking a radiograph

A

True

109
Q

Where is the beam centered when taking a lateral radiograph?

A

perpendicular to the middle carpal joint

110
Q

Where is the beam centered when taking a flexed lateral radiograph?

A

centered at the middle carpal joint

111
Q

Where is the beam centered when taking a dorsopalmar radiograph?

A

middle of carpal joint

cassette is parallel to the palmar aspect of the limb

112
Q

Where is the beam centered when taking a dorsolateral-palmarmedial oblique radiograph?

A

at middle carpal joint

113
Q

What degree does the beam come from on a DLPMO radiograph?

A

60 degrees lateral off a straight dorsal palmar

114
Q

What degree does the beam come from on a DMPLO radiograph?

A

60 degrees medial from a straight dorsal palmar

115
Q

T or F: A patient doesn’t need to be sedated for a CT or CAT scan

A

False

116
Q

T or F: A patient must be injected with a radioisotope for a CT or CAT scan

A

True

117
Q

T or F: MRI tend to be superior to CT for soft tissue imaging

A

True

118
Q

What is MRI mainly used for?

A

dx equine lameness

119
Q

What is Thermography primarily used for?

A

locate hot spots which may indicate inflammation near the body surface

120
Q

T or F: Ultrasounds are superior to radiographs for visualizing soft tissues

A

True

121
Q

What are some of the common uses of Ultrasound?

A 
visualize kidneys and ultrasound guided biopsy
lungs for pneumonia dx and tx
GI for colics
liver ultrasound guided biopsy
assist with lameness dx
eyes
monitor mare's reproductive tract
genital tract in stallions
early detection of pregnancy
early detection of problem pregnancies
cardiovascular
image heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen and intestines
122
Q

What color does fluid appear on ultrasound?

A

black

123
Q

What color does bone appear on ultrasound?

A

white

124
Q

How do you prepare the patient for ultrasound?

A

clip the area
clean area
use coupling medium alcohol
commercial gel

125
Q

What 2 basic varieties do endoscopes come in?

A

rigid

flexible

126
Q

What is an endoscope?

A

thin tube that contains a fiberoptic camera and a tool at the end allowing samples to be taken from various locations in the body

127
Q

How many people does it typically take to operate an endoscope?

A

2-3

Equine (2 decks)

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