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Y4 EQ - Miscellaneous > Equine oncology > Flashcards

Equine oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do neoplasia’s most commonly occur in horses?

A

Skin

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2
Q

List the risk factors for neoplasia in horses

A
  • Age
  • Breed
  • Sex
  • Location
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3
Q

Melanomas are seen most commonly in which breed?

A

Lipizzaner

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4
Q

Ocular SCC are seen in which 2 breeds?

A

Shire
Clydesdale

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5
Q

How is sex a risk factor for tumours?

A

Male: penile SCC → but also SCC in other locations

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6
Q

UV exposure is a risk factor which which type of neoplasia?

A

SCC

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7
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

Diseases or a combination of signs that arise as a direct consequence of a tumour but not deriving from the simple physical presence of the tumour
- May be the earliest indicator of the presence of a tumour

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8
Q

Describe the 4 main groups of paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  1. Mucocutaneous and skin syndromes: paraneoplastic pemphigus, pruritus
  2. Neurological syndromes
  3. Haematological syndromes: anaemia, polycytaemia, granulocytosis
  4. Endocrine and metabolic: cachexia, hypercalcaemia, hypertrophic (pulmonary) osteopathy (Marie’s disease)
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9
Q

Which test can be used to diagnose neoplasia?

A
  • Biopsy
  • Imaging: US, radiography, endoscopy, CT, MRI
  • Haematology, biochem, urinalysis
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10
Q

Name the 3 types of cancer therapy

A

Ablative
Cytotoxic
Biological

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11
Q

Describe ablative cancer therpay

A

Surgery
Laser
Cryotherapy
Hyperthermia

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12
Q

Describe cytotoxic cancer therapy

A

Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Phototherapy
Electrochemotherapy

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13
Q

Describe biological cancer therapy

A

Immunotherapy
Vaccines
Cytokine therapy
Gene therapy

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14
Q

Name the most common haematopoietic neoplasia in horses

A

Lymphoma - less prevalent than in other spp

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15
Q

Name the 4 main forms of lymphoma

A
  • Multicentric
  • Alimentary
  • Mediastinal, thoracic or thymic
  • Cutaneous
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16
Q

Multicentric lymphoma is seen in which horses?

A

Mature young horses: 4-12y

17
Q

What are the signs of multicentric lymphoma?

A
  • Involvement of many organs and metastasis common
  • Weight loss, depression, ventral oedema, recurrent fever
  • Signs are vague so cases tend to present when advanced
18
Q

How is multicentric lymphoma diagnosed?

A

Cytology or biopsy

19
Q

How is multicentric lymphoma treated?

A

Surgical removal if solitary lesions, chemotherapy?

20
Q

What is the most common intestinal neoplasia?

A

Alimentary lymphoma

21
Q

How does alimentary lymphoma present?

A

Older horses: >12y
Signs: malabsorption, weight loss, colic

22
Q

How is alimentary lymphoma diagnosed?

A

cytology (peritoneal fluid), biopsy

23
Q

How does mediastinal, thoracic or thymic lymphoma present?

A

Most common thoracic neoplasia
Horses of all ages
Signs: weight loss, depression, ventral and limb oedema, pleural effusion

24
Q

How is mediastinal, thoracic or thymic lymphoma diagnosed?

A

Cytology (pleural effusion), biopsy

25
Q

How is mediastinal, thoracic or thymic lymphoma treated?

A

Palliative

26
Q

How does cutaneous lymphoma present?

A

Rare
Older horses
Signs: Subcutaneous and cutaneous nodules
Diagnosis: biopsy

27
Q

Describe the prognosis of cutaneous lymphoma

A

Less aggressive than the other forms, may become static for years or even regress

28
Q

What is a haemangiosarcoma?

A

Uncommon, highly malignant tumour of vascular endothelium
Middle age to older horses (but all ages possible)
No breed or sex predilection

29
Q

Describe the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of haemangiosarcomas

A

Diagnosis: cytology, biopsy - Difficult!!
Treatment: limited and palliative
Prognosis: very poor

30
Q

Name some tumours of the oral cavity seen in horses

A

Ameloblastoma: Odontogenic epithelium
Ossifying fibroma: Young horses, Rostral mandible
SCC: Most common oral neoplasm
Melanoma: Lip, parotid region

31
Q

Name 4 tumours of the GI tract

A

Gastric SCC
Intestinal lymphoma
Intestinal adenocarcinoma
Lipoma

32
Q

Name some tumours of the upper airway

A

SCC
Atheroma, epidermal inclusion cyst, false nostril cyst
Nasal polyp
Progressive ethmoidal haematoma
Guttural pouch melanoma

33
Q

Name some tumours of the lower airway

A

Pulmonary granular cell tumour
Haemangiosarcoma
Lymphoma

34
Q

Name 3 haematopoietic tumours

A

Lymphoma
Plasma cell myeloma
Leukaemia

35
Q

Name some tumours of the nervous system

A

Astrocytoma / Neuroblastoma / Meningioma; extremely rare
Lymphoma
Melanoma
Neuroma
Schwannoma

36
Q

Name 5 orbit ocular tumours

A

Sarcoid
SCC
Melanoma
Mast cell tumour
Lymphoma

37
Q

Name 4 globe ocular tumours

A

Melanoma
Ameloblastoma
Astrocytoma
Proliferative optic neuropathy

38
Q

Which tumour is found in the urinary tract?

A

Carcinoma

39
Q

Name 3 tumours of muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Haemangiosarcoma

Y4 EQ - Miscellaneous (6 decks)

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