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digestion and metabolism - Wk 3 > equine nutrition > Flashcards

equine nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the foregut

A
  • mouth
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
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2
Q

what makes up the hindgut

A
  • cecum
  • large colon
  • small colon
  • rectum
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3
Q

what is the function of the mouth

A
  • selection
  • chewing
  • saliva
  • swallowing
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4
Q

what type of teeth do horses have and what are incisors and molars used for

A
  • hypsodont teeth
  • incisors: shear forage
  • molars: grind food
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5
Q

what is the capacity of the small stomach

A

only holds 2-4 gallons in a 1100 lb horse

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6
Q

what does the stomach continually secrete

A

HCl and Pepsin

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7
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

50-70ft

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8
Q

what occurs in the SI

A
  • most nutrients digested (proteins, CHO, fat)
  • most vitamins and minerals absorbed
  • water not absorbed - helps move the food through GI
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9
Q

what does the pancreas do

A
  • islet cells secrete insulin and glucagon
  • production/secretion of enzymes
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10
Q

what does the liver do

A
  • emulsification of fat
  • bile secreted continuously by liver
  • no gall bladder for bile storage
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11
Q

what is the purpose of LI

A
  • forage fermentation
  • water absorptoin
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12
Q

where are liquids passed to in the GI tract

A

cecum

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13
Q

what is the cecum

A
  • 3-4 ft long
  • contains bacteria to digest fiber and simple CHO
  • blind pouch, digesta moves in and out
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14
Q

what is microbial fermentation in the cecum

A
  • bacteria, protozoa, fungi
  • VFA
  • B-vitamins, VK
  • gas production
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15
Q

absorption in cecum

A
  • fermentation products
  • VFA usef for energy
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16
Q

transit time in cecum

A
  • slow - 38 to 48 h
  • liquids - 5 h
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17
Q

how long is the LI and how many gallons is it

A
  • 10-12 ft long
  • 14-26 gallons
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18
Q

what are the 4 parts of the LI

A
  • right ventral colon
  • sternal flexure to left ventral colon
  • pelvic flexure to left dorsal colon
  • diaphragmatic flexure to right dorsal colon
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19
Q

where are common places for impaction

A

sternal and diaphragmatic flexures

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20
Q

how long is the small colon and how many gallons does it hold

A
  • 10 ft long
  • 5 gallons
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21
Q

what is the function of the small colon

A
  • water absorption
  • formation of fecal balls
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22
Q

how long is rectum

A

1 ft

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23
Q

what is the function of the rectum

A

storage reservoir

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24
Q

what are the functions of carbs

A
  • glucose - fuel for tissues (muscle and liver glycogen)
  • fiber - affects GI motility and alter absorption of other nutrients
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25
Q

what are the types of feeds that contain CHOs

A
  • starch - faster breakdown (cereal grains)
  • fiber - slower breakdown (forages)
  • high CHO to glucose then fat (obesity and excitability)
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26
Q

lipids

A
  • high energy density
  • absorb fat sol vitamins
  • natural feedstuffs = 2-4%
  • high fat feed 10-12%
  • no gallbladder so can’t digest high fat diets
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27
Q

what can fats do

A
  • increase energy density
  • improve body condition
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28
Q

what are the most common fats

A

vegetable oil or rice bran

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29
Q

how much fat can the average horse digest

A

17-18 oz of fat

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30
Q

what is the most expensive component of the diet

A

protein

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31
Q

what does protein do to diet

A
  • provides AA
  • used to increase muscle mass
  • important for lactating mares and growing foals
  • provides some energy
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32
Q

what are signs of protein deficiency

A
  • weight loss, muscle
  • poor performance
  • rough, course hair
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33
Q

what are minerals needed for

A
  • maintenance
  • fluid balance
  • nerve conduction
  • muscle contraction
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34
Q

what does sweating increase the need for

A

Na, Cl, and K

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35
Q

what is the best source of vitamins and minerals

A

pasture

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36
Q

calcium

A

important for foals skeletal growth

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37
Q

phosphorus

A

ratio of Ca:P = 2:1

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38
Q

magnesium

A

role in protein synthesis and metabolism

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39
Q

copper

A

deficiency could lead to cartilage malformation

40
Q

zinc

A

interfere with Cu absorption if too high

41
Q

manganese

A

needed for cartilage generation and some repair

42
Q

what are structural CHO

A

forages or roughages
* pasture, hay, cubes

43
Q

what are non-structural CHO

A

concentrates
* cereal grains
* protein supplements
* mineral supplements
* vitamin supplements

44
Q

how much should horses consume of forage per day

A

at least 1.5% of their BW
* 1000 lb horse = 15 lb DM as forage minimum

45
Q

legumes

A
  • higher in protein and energy
  • more leaves than the grasses
  • require optimal growth conditions (warm weather and good soil)
46
Q

grasses

A
  • grow in humid and cold weather
  • survive in poor soil conditions
47
Q

what is an example of a cool season grass

A

timothy

48
Q

what is an example of a warm season grass

A

orchardgrass

49
Q

what is an example of a legume

A

alfalfa

50
Q

properties of grains (concentrates)

A
  • fiber - low
  • energy - high
  • protein - low
  • cost - reasonable
51
Q

oats

A
  • most popular
  • lower energy value
  • higher fiber
  • more palatable
  • more digestive
  • can be expensive
52
Q

corn

A
  • very palatable
  • 2x energy as oats
  • low in fiber
  • easy to over feed
  • mold can be lethal
53
Q

wheat

A
  • mostly for humans
  • expensive
  • small hard kernels
  • high energy
  • lower palatability
54
Q

milo

A
  • small hard kernel
  • not palatable
  • used in grain mixes
  • high energy
  • low fiber
55
Q

barley

A
  • hard hulls
  • medium fiber and energy
56
Q

flaxseed

A
  • high in omega 3
  • 35% protein
  • 85% digestible
57
Q

rice bran

A
  • high energy
  • high in fat
  • high in fiber
  • very palatable
58
Q

beet pulp

A
  • highly fermentable fiber
  • used in high fiber feeds
  • low calorie, sugars
59
Q

rye

A
  • high energy ingredient
  • used in mixtures
60
Q

how many hrs per day do horses graze

A

12-16 hrs

61
Q

how much do horses consume daily

A

2.5% BW

62
Q

what are balancer pellets

A
  • pellets with concentrated vitamin and minerals
  • fed with a commercial concentrate or oats of a horse requiring higher energy to maintain weight
63
Q

males

A
  • less susceptible to reproductive problems caused by nutrition
  • more nutrient requirements than maintenance
  • obestity can make lethargic (lose libido, less fertile)
64
Q

females with poor nutrition

A
  • prevent cycling
  • decrease # of eggs ovulated
  • decreased birth weight
65
Q

obese females

A
  • delay puberty
  • decrease fertility
  • increase embryonic mortality
66
Q

physiological events in trimesters 1 &2

early gestation

A
  • embryo development
  • fetus has priority
  • no extra nutrients required for mares
67
Q

nutrition in trimesters 1&2

A
  • maintenance
  • mostly pasture or grass/legume hay
  • 10% CP
68
Q

events during trimester 3

late gestation

A
  • fetal growth/development
  • fetal priority over mare
  • decreased GI space
  • maintain condition for early lactation
69
Q

nutrition during trimester 3

A
  • forage: ad libitu, to quality hay or pasture
  • energy: increase 12-14% above maintenance
  • CP: 12%
  • vitamin A and E increase (IgG)
  • mineral requirements Ca .5: P .35
70
Q

tall fescue can be ___

A

toxic
* contain endophyte that produces ergolavine

71
Q

symptpms is grazed in last trimester

A
  • prolonged gestation
  • abortions
  • premature separation of placenta
  • retained placenta
  • agalactia
72
Q

fescue

A
  • check for tall fescue in pastures
  • unless endophyte-free varieties planted
  • remove brood mares 30-90 days before foaling
73
Q

early lactation

A
  • highest energy requirement
  • dietary protein and fat influence milk composition
74
Q

nutrition in early lactation

A
  • forage: high quality grass/legume mix
  • CP: 14-16%
  • Ca (.5%): P (.35%)
75
Q

physiological events in late lactation

A
  • milk yield decreasing
  • maintain mare and foal condition
  • pasture quality decreasing
  • growth rate stable
  • foals cartilage and bone maturing
76
Q

nutrition in late lactation

A
  • forage increasing
  • milk decreasing
  • creep feeding foals
77
Q

order of growth

A
  1. bone
  2. muscle
  3. fat
78
Q

what is the growth rate

A

~2.8 lbs/day

79
Q

what is wrong with rapid growth

A
  • lead to bone growth problems
  • DOD = developmental orthopedic disease
80
Q

what growth stage has the highest growth requirements

A

weanlings
* rapid growth rate
* protein and energy needs to be higher

81
Q

when does creep deeding occur

A

8-12 weeks old

82
Q

issues with weanlings

A
  • winter and weaning - diet change
  • developmental disorders
  • attention to growth, condition, and development
  • maintain stable growth
  • minimize stress
83
Q

nutrition in weanlings

A
  • quality forage
  • multiple feedings
  • CP - 14-16%
  • Ca - 0.8-1%
  • P - 0.5-0.7%
84
Q

nutrition in yearlings

A
  • quality forage
  • CP: 12%
  • Ca: 0.8-1%
  • P: 0.5-0.7%
  • multiple feedings
85
Q

season in yearlings

A
  • day length
  • temo
  • pastyre grows rapidly
  • increase intake
86
Q

how much energy is needed for very heavy activity level (race, event, endurance)

A
  • 2x energy needed
  • from 16.7 to 34.5 DE
87
Q

what are readily available CHO

A
  • sugars and starches
  • rapidly digested and absorbed in SI
88
Q

what are slower available CHO

A
  • beet pulp or soy hulls
  • fermented in LI
  • takes longer to turn to energy
89
Q

endurance horses

energy utlilization

A
  • long term exercise utlilizes fatty acids as primary energy source
  • need muscle glycogen
90
Q

racehorses

energy utilization

A
  • short term exercise
  • perfominantly uses muscle glycogen
91
Q

pre-exercise feeding

A
  • hyperglycemia occurs after digestion of grain meals
  • glucose and insulin peak 60-90 min after meal (insulin promotes fat storage) (exercise wil use the more available CHO)
92
Q

post-exercise feeding

A
  • specifically for endurance horses (replete the glycogen, 2-4 lb of a cereal grain an hour after exercise)
93
Q

water

A
  • exercise: increases heat production
  • dissipated in sweat and respiration
  • increase losses of electrolytes (Na, Cl, K)
  • dehydration decreases performance
94
Q

what are the largest portion of electrolytes

A

Na, Cl, K and in smaller amounts Ca and Mg

95
Q

what should the first ingredient be in electrolytes

A

salt (sodium chloride)
* if it doesn’t taste like salt it will not do anything

digestion and metabolism - Wk 3 (5 decks)

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