Equine Medicine Exam III Flashcards
What is the normal amount of water intake and urine output for the horse?
What are the different ways we collect urine in the horse? How do we assess it?
Describe the use of a UA to determine urine tonicity.
Describe the use of a reagent strip to analyze urine/
What is some potential sediment we may find in equine urine?
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What are the different hematology and biochemistry markers we use to assess the equine renal system?
How can we use endoscopy to assess the urinary system?
By definition, what is acute renal injury/failure?
What are the 3 major causes of AKI in the horse? What is the most common finding in a horse with AKI?
List some hemodynamic (pre-renal) causes of AKI in the horse.
List some toxic (renal) causes of AKI in the horse.
List some post-renal causes of AKI in the horse.
What are the clinical signs of AKI in the horse?
How can we use the presence of azotemia to diagnose AKI in the horse?
How can we use USG via refractometer to diagnose AKI in the horse?
How can we use urine cytology to diagnose AKI?
How can we use serum electrolytes to diagnose AKI?
How can we use renal biopsy/ultrasound to diagnose AKI?
Describe the treatment approach to a horse with AKI.
What is the prognosis for hemodynamic AKI?
What is the prognosis for nephrotoxic AKI?
What is the prognosis for obstructive AKI?
How can we prevent AKI?
By definition, what is CKD?
What are some causes of primary glomerular diseases that result in CKD?
What are some causes of primary tubulointerstital diseases that result in CKD?
What are some causes of developmental anomalies that result in CKD?
What is the most common history and clinical signs of CKD in the horse?
How do we diagnose CKD?
What is the treatment for CKD?
What is the prognosis for CKD?
What is renal tubular acidosis?
What is the etiology of RTA?
Differentiate between type I and type II RTA based on location and the primary problem.
What is the most common history and clinical signs of RTA?
How do we diagnose RTA?
How do we treat RTA?
What is the prognosis for RTA?
What is polyuria and polydipsia?
List your differentials fort PU/PD in the horse.
What are some common congenital disorders of the equine urinary tract?
What is the etiology and most common presentation for an ectopic ureter?
How do we diagnose and treat ectopic ureters?
Identify the urinary pathology.
Describe the pathophysiology of a patent urachus. What is the etiology?
What are the clinical signs of a patent urachus?
How do we diagnose and treat a patent urachus?
What type of stone is this?
Describe the most common clinical presentation for a horse with cystic calculi.
How do we diagnose cystic calculi in the horse?
How do we treat cystic calculi in the horse?
You must _____ the horse prior to a cystotomy to decrease abdominal fill and make the surgical procedure easier.
Describe the different approaches to a cystotomy in the horse.
Describe the general surgical procedure for a cystotomy in the horse.
What are the clinical signs of urolithiasis in the horse? How do we diagnose it?
What are the indications for a perineal urethrotomy?
Describe the general procedure of a perineal urethrotomy.
Describe the closure of a perineal urethrotomy.
Describe the use of endoscopic removal, lithotripsy, and lithotrites in a PU procedure.
What is the most common cause of a uroperitoneum in a foal?
What are the clinical signs of uroperitoneum in the horse?
How do we diagnose ruptured bladders in foals?
Describe the presurgical stabilization of a foal with a ruptured bladder prior to surgery.
What ECG findings would you expect to find in a foal with hyperkalemia? (ruptured bladder)
Where is the most common location of a bladder rupture in a foal?
_____ is the treatment of choice for a rupture balder in a foal.
Describe the conservative management of a ruptured bladder in the foal.
Differentiate between the umbilical vein and artery in the foal.
Identify the anatomy.
What is a patent urachus? What are the clinical signs?
What are the causes of a patent urachus?
What is the treatment for a patent urachus?
An umbilical remnant infection is also called _____.
What are the clinical signs of an umbilical remnant infection?
How do we diagnose and treat umbilical remnant infections?
Describe the surgical correction for a patent urachus and umbilical infection.
Describe the general anatomy of a hernia.
Differentiate between a reducible and non-reducible umbilical hernia.
Describe the prevalence of umbilical hernias in foals. How do we diagnose them?
What are the different treatment options for an umbilica hernia?
Describe the standard surgical approach to an umbilical hernia.
Briefly describe how to perform an umbilical hernia surgery.
Describe the close and post-operative care of a surgical umbilical repair.
What is the etiology of a uroperitoneum?
What are the clinical signs of a uroperitoneum?
How can we use a CBC/chemistry to diagnose a uroperitoneum?
How can we use an ultrasound to diagnose a uroperitoneum?
How can we use a peritoneal fluid analysis to diagnose a uroperitoneum?
How can we use an ECG to diagnose a uroperitoneum?
How do we treat a uroperitoneum?
Describe the etiology of UTIs in the horse.
What are the clinical signs of a UTI in the horse?
How do we diagnose UTIs in the horse?
How do we treat UTIs in the horse?
Describe the prevalence of urolithiasis in the hose.
Where are some common locations for urolithiasis in the horse?
What are some risk factors for urolithiasis?
Most urolithiasis in the horse is ____.
What are the clinical signs of urolithiasis?
How do we diagnose urolithiasis?
Describe the conservative treatment for urolithiasis in the horse.
Describe the surgical treatment for urolithiasis in the horse.
How do we prevent urolithiasis? What is the prognosis?
What are sabulous urolithiasis? What are the clinical signs?
How do we diagnose sabulous urolithiasis?
How do we treat sabulous urolithiasis? What is the prognosis?
What are some of the different etiologies of discolored urine in the horse?
How do we diagnose hematuria?
What is the etiology of a urethral tear?
How do we diagnose a urethral tear?
How do we treat a urethral tear?
Describe the etiology and diagnosis of idiopathic renal hematuria.
How do we treat idiopathic renal hematuria? What is the prognosis?
List some of the causes of urinary incontinence in the horse.
