equine fluid therapy Flashcards
what is the total body water fluid distribution in adult horses
60%
what is the total body water fluid distribution in foals
80%
what makes up TBW
extracellular fluid (1/3) intracellular fluid (2/3)
what are the major electrolytes in ECF and the components of ECF
sodium and chloride
components being: plasma volume, interstitial fluid, transcellular fluid
what are the major electrolytes in ICF
potassium and phosphorous
T/F fluid exchange mainly occurs between ICF spaces
false occurs between ECF
what are the osmotic forces in ECF
sodium and chloride, they create a strong gradient across membranes. ( due to water traveling from a low to high concentration)
what creates a strong force for maintaining fluid with in a space.
albumin ( this is oncotic force)
what opposes water leaving the intravascular space
hydrostatic forces
when you are severely dehydrated what will happen?
water moves from intracellular to extracellular, causing cells to shrivel up
what are the goals of fluid therapy
- restoration and maintenance of hydration
correction of electrolyte and acid/base abnormalities
delivery of specialized fluid
improvement of cardiovascular parameters
what are some indications for fluid therapy
dehydration, decrease water intake, NPO conditions
Inability to consume water (dysphagia)
GI abnormalities
Hemorrhage Diuresis/renal failure
pleuropneumonia/peritonitis
heat exhaustion Shock
replace electrolytes and correct acid base disturbances
when developing a fluid plan what must you consider (5)
volume, type, route(IV or enteral in horses), rate, reassess
what must volume determination account for
restoration of hydration
ongoing losses
maintenance fluid requirements
what is maintenance fluid in horses derived from?
the amount a horse will drink to maintain adequate hydration
what is the maintenance fluid rate for adult horses? ( include units!)
60ml/kg/day
this is the same for IV and enteral fluids
what is the dehydration and perfusion determined by?
physical exam
it is supported by clin path
T or F it is ok to have a horse be 15% dehydration and you can’t detect anything less than 10% dehydration.
false.
if greater than 15% it is not compatible with life and anything less than 5% is undetectable
what are the clinical signs of a horse that is 5-7% dehydrated?
lethargy, dry MM, increased CRT, decreased urine production
what are the clinical signs of a horse that is 8-10% dehydrated
weak pulse, prolonged jugular filling decreased skin turgor/prolonged skin tent, tachycardia
will also see: lethargy, dry MM, increased CRT, decreased urine production
what are the clinical signs of a horse that is >10% dehydrated
cold extremities , may be recumbent, depressed, sunken eyes
Also:weak pulse, prolonged jugular filling decreased skin turgor/prolonged skin tent, tachycardia,lethargy, dry MM, increased CRT, decreased urine production
what are some lab test that can support your diagnosis of dehydration
increased PCV/HCT
increased TP/ total solids concentration
Increased USG
Increased serum creatinine concentration
what could falsely increase PCV without an increase in TP
splenic contraction
if a horse is dehydrated what would cause the PCV and TP to be normal
anemia or hypoproteinemia
T or F TP concentration can be increased with neoplasia or infection
true
what is the calculation for determining the volume required to restore hydration
(BW in kg) x (%dehydration) = volume in L
what are some causes of internal fluid loses in horses
pleural effusion
peritoneal effusion
GI sequestration
the type of fluid you choose is based on what?
your assessment of the patient and the necessity to correct for electrolyte derangements
ned to also choose one that can be given in the volume needed safely
what are the most common types of fluids and what do we administer them for
isotonic crystalloids
for restoration and maintenance or hydration, delivery of electrolytes, etc.
which fluids have an osmolality similar to plasma
isotonic crystalloids ( around 300mOsm/L)
what are some types of crystalloid fluids
lactated ringers
normosol -R
plasma-lyte A
0.9% NaCl
what questions do you need to ask yourself when choosing a type of crystalloid fluids
does the horse need particular electrolytes or do any need to be avoided
does the horse need a fluid that is buffered or acidifying
what type of fluid must be followed by a large volume of isotonic crystalloid fluids and why?
Hypertonic saline
it draws fluids into the vascular compartment for 60 minutes
when would you give glucose supplementation in horses
in neonatal foals if glucose is <60mg/dL
rare in adults, but most common cause is hepatic lipidosis
glucose solutions greater than 5% are hypertonic and can cause what
thrombophlebitis
T or F glucose cannot supply a foals complete energy needs
true
in order to give fluids enteral what must you have and what can the horse not be doing
must have a functioning GI tract
cannot be refluxing
