Equine FL

Question 1

What is a horse

Answer 1

The ultimate cursorially specialised mammal

Question 2

Generally, how are its limbs specialised

Answer 2

Greatly incr efficiency of movement in the sagittal plane at the expense of versatility

Question 3

Unguligrade

Answer 3

Horses

Weight borne on the tips of digits

Question 4

Digitigrade

Answer 4

Cat/dog

Question 5

Plantigrade

Answer 5

Bear/human

Question 6

MC and distal limb adaptation to being unguligrade

Answer 6

3rd MC/T more robust and elongated.
Long slender distal bones
Short stout prox bones

Question 7

Describe the shoulder girdle

Answer 7

Synsarcosis

No clavicle so incr rom of scap along thoracic wall

Question 8

Describe the pelvic girdle

Answer 8

Large sacro pelvic angle

Sacro illiac joint is non rigid so rotation of pelvic girdle aids incr in stride length

Question 9

Mechanics of movement +

Answer 9

M mass conc proximally so small movement give larger rom, incr distal limb speed, incr overall freedom by red distal limb mass.

Question 10

Mechanics of movement -

Answer 10

Low mech advantage as large input produce smaller output
Incr distal struct vilnerability as little protection
Decr healing ability: less m so worse blood supply, less supportive soft tissue, incr movement and tension

Question 11

BW distrib

Answer 11

60% FL

Question 12

Good conformation boundaries

Answer 12

Front view: straight appearance. Straight line from pt of shoulder bisectting limb and hoof
Lat view: straight line from tuber spinae bisect limb cran-caud to fetlock. Pass just caud to hoof

Question 13

Deviations of conformation

Answer 13

Incr stress and strain
Base narrow- more weight on outside of foot
Base wide- more weight on inside of foot

Question 14

Scapula features

Answer 14

Prominent palpable tuber spinae
Large scap cartilage
No acromium

Question 15

Large scap cart fx

Answer 15

Attach of m of pect girdle

Part of withers

Question 16

No acromium implication

Answer 16

Sweeney

Suprascap n vulnerable - infra and supra spin m waste

Question 17

Humerus features

Answer 17

Greater and lesser tubercles with cran and caudal parts
Intertubercle groove with intermed ridge
Biciputal bursa and tendon of bb m
Cylindrical condyle distally

Question 18

Antebrachium features

Answer 18

Fused ulna and rad

No sup or pronation

Question 19

Carpus organisation

Answer 19

7/8 bones in a prox and distal row
R I U A
(1) 2 3 4

Question 20

ACB

Answer 20

Palpable, non weight bearing, laterally flattened, bandaging consideration

Question 21

MC features

Answer 21

MCIII/cannon bone has distal condyle with a median sagittal ridge - split pastern
Splint bones with palpable buttons

Question 22

Susp lig composition

Answer 22

Fibrous
Ossify with age
Become inflam and new bone form cause bony swelling leads to splints (often MCII)

Question 23

Digit

Answer 23

P1 long pastern/prox phalanx

P2 short pastern/middle phalanx

P3 pedal/coffin bone/distal phalanx

Nav bone/distal ses bone (bear DDFT over DIP)

Question 24

Shoulder joint features

Answer 24

Spheroidal
Mostly sagittal mivement
Lots of m mass supporting so v stable joint
Active collat ligs - tendons of infra spin and subscap (insert on greater and lesser tubercles)
Scap-hum joint is large and capacious synov struct
Bicipital bursa

Question 25

Elbow joint features

Answer 25

Hinge with sagittal movement Palpable hum epicondyles with collat ligs to radial eminences Olecranon- triceps insert Radioulnar artic ossify befoe adulthood

Question 26

Med collat lig of elbow special feature

Answer 26

Long cran part - pronator teres remnent

Question 27

Carpus joints

Answer 27

Compound Antibrachiocarpal most mobile Middle carpal Carpometacarpal no movement

Question 28

Carpus capsules

Answer 28

Common fibrous | Synov separate. ABC doesn't comms other do

Question 29

Close packed carpal bones fx

Answer 29

(Dorsally) give stability at rest Inhib over extension Drive together at fast gaits so fracture risk

Question 30

Carpal ligs

Answer 30

Collat ligs Many intermed attachments Accessoriometacarpal lig (palpable) ACB to MC Palmar carpal lig - smth skel and origin of ALDDFT Flexor retinac - bind down flexor tendons

Question 31

Carpal tunnel/canal

Answer 31

ACB Palmar carpal lig Flexor retinac

Question 32

Metacarpophalangeal joint features

Answer 32

``` Hinge Large rom Big joint and big joint capsule (dors and palmar pouches Collat ligs MC3 to P1 Susp app ```

Question 33

Pip

Answer 33

Less rom than fetlock Dors and palmar pouches Collat ligs Abax and ax palmar ligs (P1 to P2 fibrocart)

Question 34

DIP

Answer 34

Similar rom to pip Dorsal and palmar joint capsule pouches Comms with nav bursa

Question 35

Nav bone ligs

Answer 35

Bilat susp lig suspend from P1 Impar lig to P3 T lig to P2

Question 36

Susp lig features

Answer 36

``` O: dist carpal bones amd proc MC3 M:coll varies more coll with age Prev plantigrade Bifurcate in dist MC3 Dorsal extensor branches join to CDET ```

Question 37

Ses ligs

Answer 37

``` O: base of prox ses bones I: P1 (short cruciate and oblique P2 fibrocart (straight) ```

Question 38

Annular ligs

Answer 38

Bind flexor tendons to palmar fetlock and pastern Fascial thickenings- palmar Prox digital Dist digital Distinct in parts and merge with CT/ synov sheaths in others

Question 39

Extensors

Answer 39

CDET to P3 LatDET to P1 Lie on craniolat aspect O: lat hum epicondyle

Question 40

Flexors

Answer 40

``` SDFT to P1 and P2 AL from dist rad DDFT to P3 AL from palmar carpal lig Lie on caudo med O: med hum epicondyle ```

Question 41

Subclavius m

Answer 41

Part of pectoral grp

Question 42

Pronator and supinator mm

Answer 42

Absent

Question 43

BB m

Answer 43

Internal tendon carrying on as lacertus fibrosus (taut when standing and join with tendon of extensor carpi radialis)

Question 44

Passive stay app fx

Answer 44

``` Prev limb collapse with min effort Prev shoulder and elbow flex Carpal flex/hyper extend Fetlock/pastern extend Stabilise joints to oppose collapse ```

Question 45

Passive stay app contain

Answer 45

``` TB long head - elbow BB - shoulder Lac fibrosus - carpal shoulder Carpal bone packing - carpal DFTs + ALs - fetlock Susp app - pip and fetlock ```

Question 46

Bursae fx

Answer 46

Protect against pressure Subtend/lig Subcut

Question 47

Tendon sheath fx

Answer 47

Lubricate to red friction Esp DFT Carpal digital and tarsal

Question 48

Joint capsule features

Answer 48

Can have capacious recesses and pouches