Equine Exam Flashcards
The predilection site of OCD in the equine hock is
a. The central part of the distal intertarsal joint
b. The medial malleolus
c. The talocalcanei joint
d. Sustentaculum tali
b. The medial malleolus
The proper name of the skyline-view for the examination of the equine carpus is
a. Dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
b. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
c. Caudoproximal-craniodistal oblique view
d. Palmarolateral view
a. Dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
The exclaiming time needed to see an osteophyte formation on equine radiograph is
a. 1-2w
b. 2-3w
c. 3-5w
d. 4-7w
c. 3-5w
The proper name of the “oxpring’ view for the examination of the navicular bone is:
a. Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
b. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
c. Caudoproximal-craniodistal oblique view
d. Palmarolateral view
b. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
The most common site of sub-chondral bone cyst in equine is:
a. Medial femoral condyle
b. Lateral femoral condyle
c. Medial trochlea
d. Lateral trochlea
a. Medial femoral condyle
Where can a Birkenlund fracture be found in a horse?
a. In the dorsal recess of the fetlock joint
b. In the palmar/plantar recess of the fetlock joint
c. In the dorsal recess of the…
b. In the palmar/plantar recess of the fetlock joint
OCD location in hock?
DIRT-distal intermediate ridge of the tibia dorsal in the talocrural joint
Which statement is false?
a. Phenothiazines should be used with care in stallions
b. Phenothiazines are not usable in shock patients
c. Midazolam is an adequate drug to treat tetanus in horses
d. Phenothiazines are given most frequently to colic horse to reduce visceral pain
d. Phenothiazines are given most frequently to colic horse to reduce visceral pain
Which is false?
a. Ketamine cannot be given to a standing horse to relieve pain
b. Lidocaine can be given to a standing horse to relieve pain
c. Lidocaine administered IV can have adverse effects on the CNS of a horse
d. Neuropathy can develop due to inadequate positioning during anaesthesia
a. Ketamine cannot be given to a standing horse to relieve pain
Which is true?
a) Left laryngeal hemiplegia more common in ponies
b) Tracheal collapse is more common in thoroughbreds
c) Guttural pouch tympany typically affects older horses
d) Lymphoid hyperplasia typically affects young horses
d) Lymphoid hyperplasia typically affects young horses
Which is false regarding the Winslow herniation (hernia foraminis omentalis) in horses?
a. Cribbing and aerophagia are predisposing factors
b. At late, intolerant stage of colic, the animal is apathic
c. Mostly the ileum or jejunum is involved
d. This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon
d. This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon
In the colic horse surgery, the large colon enterotomy should be created to rinse out the content of the
a. Dorsal colon
b. Ventral colon
c. Pelvic flexure
d. Ligamentum caeco-colicum
c. Pelvic flexure
The advised surgical method to treat upward fixation of the patella in horses is:
a. Lateral femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
b. Medial femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
c. Intermediate femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
b. Medial femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
How do you suture the trachea of a horse?
a. Min 1 layer
b. Min 2 layers
c. Min 3 layers
d. Min 4 layers
b. Min 2 layers
How can you perform a more or less “specific” anaesthesia of the origin of the suspensory ligament (m. interosseus medius) in the front limb?
a) High palmar nerve block
b) Lateral palmar nerve block
c) Carpometacarpal joint anaesthesia
d) N. medianus anaesthesia
b) Lateral palmar nerve block
How can you anaesthetize the origin of the suspensory ligament (interosseus medius) on the hind leg?
a. With the abaxial sesamoidean block
b. With the low six point block – it will be anaesthetized within 30 min
c. With the deep branch anaesthesia of the lateral plantar nerve
d. With the high plantar nerve anaesthesia
c. With the deep branch anaesthesia of the lateral plantar nerve
Intermittent lameness horse
a) Lameness occurring in comitions? because of the degeneration of the femoral muscles plus haemoglobinuria
b) Moving disability of the HLs occurring in loading disappearing at rest, with unknown origin
c) Lameness of sport horses receding for loading, caused by the thrombosis of the terminal aorta or iliac arteries
b) Moving disability of the HLs occurring in loading disappearing at rest, with unknown origin
Intermittent lameness symptoms horse
a) Movement disorders in one of the HLs when loaded, disappearing after 20mins of resting
b) Feel wobbly when loaded, lameness of the HLs, disappearing after half an hour
c) Movement disorder of the FLs or in one of the HLs, when competing, disappearing after a short time of resting.
a) Movement disorders in one of the HLs when loaded, disappearing after 20mins of resting
Osteoporosis horse
a) Thinning of the bone compacta due to the disturbance of Ca-metabolism
b) Hereditary, breed disposition, compacta incr / medullary cavity decr
c) Thickening of the tubular bones due to the disturbance of the mineral supply
a) Thinning of the bone compacta due to the disturbance of Ca-metabolism
Osteoporosis CS horse
a) Thickening of the tubular bones, sensitivity to pressure, lameness
b) Genu valgum, locomotion disorder, exostoses on the leg bones
c) Retardation, spontaneous fractures, ruptures, not viable
c) Retardation, spontaneous fractures, ruptures, not viable
Hyperplastic osteopathy (acropachia) horse
a) Symmetrical deformation of the distal leg bones, in connection with diseases of the digestive tract
b) Congenital acropachia, intensive pain to pressure, locomotion disorder akinesia
c) Metabolic disturbance of the leg bones with pain of unknown origin, advance in application of glucocorticoids
a) Symmetrical deformation of the distal leg bones, in connection with diseases of the digestive tract
Laminitis, diffuse aseptic/definition
a) Degeneration/necrosis of horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, exungulation, deformation of the distal phalanx
b) Damage of the corium of the hoof, disconnection between corium and horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, change in the structure of the hoof
c) Degeneration/necrosis of the horny matter of the hoof and distal phalanx, local circulatory disturbance
b) Damage of the corium of the hoof, disconnection between corium and horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, change in the structure of the hoof
Diffuse aseptic laminitis etiology
a) Overfeeding in fat animals, consequence of allergy/atopia, influence of burden
b) Malnutrition, complication of diseases, immune/autoimmune origin
c) Malnutrition, complication of diseases, in postparturient period, influence of burden
c) Malnutrition, complication of diseases, in postparturient period, influence of burden
Diffuse aseptic laminitis nutritional origin
a) Carbohydrate and protein rich nutrition, fungus contaminated hay
b) Carbohydrate rich nutrition, low-protein/fibre rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder
c) Easy fermentation, carbohydrate and fiber rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder
b) Carbohydrate rich nutrition, low-protein/fibre rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder
Diffuse aseptic laminitis complication of disease
a) Diseases of stomach, enteritis, autoimmunopathies
b) Gastroenteritis, inflammations – toxical enteropathies, hepatosis
c) Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis, strangles, glomerulonephritis
b) Gastroenteritis, inflammations – toxical enteropathies, hepatosis
Diffuse aseptic laminitis symptoms
a) Gradual deterioration in a week, pain during movement, horny matter of the hoof warm/intensive pain to pressure, oedema on the distal part of the legs
b) Hoof warm/intensive pain to pressure, warm and painful edema on the leg, intermittent claudication
c) Develops in 12-24h, general symptoms, waddling, locomotor disorder, lying position, warm and painful hoof, pulsation of the fetlock artery
c) Develops in 12-24h, general symptoms, waddling, locomotor disorder, lying position, warm and painful hoof, pulsation of the fetlock artery
Acute diffuse aseptic laminitis treatment
a) Elimination of the causative, soft littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, plastering of the hoof, warm pack, hepatin, flunixin-meglumine
b) Elimination of the causative, peat littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, ice pack, glucocorticoids
c) Soft littering, only moderate movement, ice pack, strong analgesic, phenylbutazone, prednisolone
c) Soft littering, only moderate movement, ice pack, strong analgesic, phenylbutazone, prednisolone
Which is false regarding the Winslow herniation (hernia foraminis omentalis) in horses?
a. Cribbing and aerophagia are predisposing factors
b. At late, intolerant stage of colic, the animal is apathic
c. Mostly the ileum or jejunum is involved
d. This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon
d. This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon
Which statement(s) is/are typical of the strangulation obstruction of the SI in horses?
a. There is secondary dehydration of the content in the large colon
b. Secondary cecal impaction develops
c. The stomach is dilated
d. A and C are correct
d. A and C are correct
Which structure cannot be palpated certainly at rectal exam in the horse?
a. Ventral taenia of caecum
b. Duodenal ligament
c. Ligamentum lati uteri
d. Ligamentum renolienale
b. Duodenal ligament
Which is false concerning a colic horse?
a. The degree of pain mostly correlates with the severity of the disease
b. Dehydration can only be in the indolent phase
c. Electolyte loss is significant
b. Dehydration can only be in the indolent phase
Which is not characteristic of the large colon obstipation in horses?
a. Sometimes can cause severe colic signs
b. The obstipation can always be treated conservatively
c. Can be easily diagnosed via rectal exam
b. The obstipation can always be treated conservatively
In the colic horse surgery, the large colon enterotomy should be created to rinse out the content of the
a. Dorsal colon
b. Ventral colon
c. Pelvic flexure
d. Ligamentum caeco-colicum
c. Pelvic flexure
Which statement is true?
a. In direct inguinal hernia, the SI escape into the SC space of the scrotum
b. The indirect inguinal hernia is more common than the direct one
c. Both
d. None
b. The indirect inguinal hernia is more common than the direct one
Large colon impaction in adult horses is usually treated with
a) IV neostigmine injections every 2h
b) Lidocaine constant rate infusion
c) Repeated nasogastric tubing with water and electrolytes
d) Intramuscular metoclopramide injections every 12 hours
c) Repeated nasogastric tubing with water and electrolytes
On rectal examination, you palpate a segment of distended bowel without taeniae. The intestinal segment you are palpating is most likely:
a) Small colon or small intestine
b) Pelvic flexure or right ventral colon
c) Base of caecum or right dorsal colon
d) Pelvic flexure or small intestine
d) Pelvic flexure or small intestine
In which case is rectal admin. inappropriate?
a. Dysphagia
b. Lockjaw
c. Reflux
d. Diarrhea
d. Diarrhea
What is the location of the base of the caecum in a normal adult horse?
a. Left paralumbar fossa
b. Right paralumbar fossa
c. Left ventral abdomen
d. Right ventral abdomen
b. Right paralumbar fossa
During rectal examination of normal adult horses:
a. The caudal pole of both kidneys can be palpated
b. The caudal wall of the stomach can be palpated
c. The ascending duodenum can be palpated
d. The ventral taenia of the caeum can be palpated
d. The ventral taenia of the caeum can be palpated
When is rectal application NOT appropriate?
a. Lock-jaw
b. Diarrhea
c. Dyspnea
d. Reflux
b. Diarrhea
Rectal enema is used in case of obstruction of
Small colon
Colic (real)
a) Pain syndromes because abdominal digestive organs hurt
b) Abdominal disease
c) Painful unrest syndrome in horses
a) Pain syndromes because abdominal digestive organs hurt
Colic-like symptoms causes
a) Meningitis, COPD, estrus
b) Rabies, urinary diseases, genital diseases
c) Encephalon oedema, pneumonia, Lyme-disease
b) Rabies, urinary diseases, genital diseases
Predisposing factor for colic disease
a) Slow motion of stomach, intestines predisposed to meteorism, innervation of digestive organs predisposed to spasms
b) Undigested substance empty from stomach, small intestinal motility is strong, substance of large intestines quickly goes off with strong motility
c) Cannot vomit, dislocation of intestines can easily evolve disposition to vagotony
c) Cannot vomit, dislocation of intestines can easily evolve disposition to vagotony
Parasitic cause of colic
a) Toxocara equi, Bunostomumum magnum infection
b) Strongylosis, Ascariosis
c) Toxacariosis, Strongyloidosis
b) Strongylosis, Ascariosis
Viral and bacterial causes of colic
a) Salmonellosis, Clostridiosis, Arteritis
b) Anthrax, rabies, pyelonephritis
c) Rabies, lyme disease, salmonellosis
a) Salmonellosis, Clostridiosis, Arteritis
Mechanical and physical causes of colic
a) Bad teeth, oesophagus obturation, sand in stomach
b) Tooth abrasion failure, pylorus obstruction, isthmus of intestines
c) Chewing insufficiency, sand in intestines, strange object in intestinal system
c) Chewing insufficiency, sand in intestines, strange object in intestinal system
Colic disease pathological dislocations
a) Internal hernias, torsion of small intestines, colon dislocation
b) Stomach, small intestines, colon torsion
c) Diaphragmatic hernia, duodenum torsion, ileum torsion
a) Internal hernias, torsion of small intestines, colon dislocation
Colic symptoms causing agents
a) Atropine, clavulanic acid, diazepam
b) Amitrase, arekolin
c) Organophosphorous compounds, amitrase, chlorpromazine
c) Organophosphorous compounds, amitrase, chlorpromazine
Agents causing shock in the colic horse
a) Pain, fluid loss, endotoxaemia
b) Sympathetic nervous system activity, dislocation of intestines, septicaemia
c) Rupture of stomach and intestine, spasm of intestines, dyspepsial digestion insufficiency
a) Pain, fluid loss, endotoxaemia
Reason for pain in the colic horse
a) Development of shock, paralysis of intestines, dislocation of intestines
b) Excitement of mechanoreceptors, release of mediators, local circulation insufficiency
c) Stop of stomach function, dilatation of intestines, dyspepsial digestion insufficiency
b) Excitement of mechanoreceptors, release of mediators, local circulation insufficiency
Reason for hypovolaemia in the colic horse
a) Rupture of the stomach/intestines, ileus, colon obstipation
b) Stomach meteorism, small intestinal atonia, colon disposition
c) Ileus, mucosa inflammation, pain
a) Rupture of the stomach/intestines, ileus, colon obstipation
Results of local circulation insufficiency in colic
a) Accumulation of lactic acid, uremia extrarenale, liver insufficiency
b) Metabolic acidosis, necrosis of intestines, shock
c) Dominance of anaerobic oxidation, atonia of intestine, intestine displacement
b) Metabolic acidosis, necrosis of intestines, shock
Reasons for endotoxaemia in colic
a) Increase of gr+ bact, circulation disorder of intestinal wall, typhlocolitis
b) Bact incr/collapse, ischaemia of intestinal wall, ileus
c) Collapse of gr- bact, incr of lipoproteins, disorder of intestinal absorption
c) Collapse of gr- bact, incr of lipoproteins, disorder of intestinal absorption
Results of endotoxaemia in colic
a) Toxic effect to red/white blood cells, haemolysis, anaemia
b) Toxic effect to intestinal cells, intestine motility incr, hypertension
c) Vasoactive materials incr, toxic effects to blood cells, clotting tendency incr
c) Vasoactive materials incr, toxic effects to blood cells, clotting tendency incr
Main diagnostics of colic worrying
a) How often, length of time, seriousness
b) Seriousness, intermittent/permanent, freq of tenesmus
c) Nature, seriousness, existence of diarrhea
a) How often, length of time, seriousness
Additional diagnostic exam in the colic horse
a) Rectal exam, blood enzyme activity, exam of abd content
b) Rectal exam, abd joggle, lab blood exam
c) Rectal exam, exam abd content, exam bact culture of intestines
b) Rectal exam, abd joggle, lab blood exam
Colic horse blood exam in practical circumstances
a) Qual blood count, Ht, TP
b) RBC/WBC count, qual blood count
c) Ht, TP, WBC count (hematocrit tube)
c) Ht, TP, WBC count (hematocrit tube)
Colic horse therapy
a) Release of convulsions, naso-gastric tube, cecal puncture, liquid therapy
b) Electrolyte therapy, gastric lavage w/ Marek pipe, purgative enema
c) Abd centesis, cecal puncture, gastric lavage
a) Release of convulsions, naso-gastric tube, cecal puncture, liquid therapy
Reasons for referral to clinic for colic horse
a) If the colic symptoms still exist after 1h, if infusion on spot not possible, pulse 40/min permanently
b) Colic despite therapy/meteorism, clinical/rectal findings refer to a serious disease, pulse >50/min permanently, no good conditions for the therapy
c) Active intestinal murmue/freq flatulation, colic worrying despite of negative rectal findings, and if you can’t use nasogastric tubing
b) Colic despite therapy/meteorism, clinical/rectal findings refer to a serious disease, pulse >50/min permanently, no good conditions for the therapy
Colic tx in hospital
a) Part clinical/lab exams, spasmolytics, abdominocentesis
b) Blood test, abd x-ray, US, bact coproscopy
c) Emergency interventions, fluid and electrolyte replacement, laparotomy
c) Emergency interventions, fluid and electrolyte replacement, laparotomy
Laparotomy indications in colic
a) Possibility of ileus in rectal findings, repetitive meteorismus despite puncture, severe alterations in clinical values
b) CS of gastric-intestinal rupture, as long as clinical signs of ileus
c) Gastric overload, irreversible shock status, peritonitis
a) Possibility of ileus in rectal findings, repetitive meteorismus despite puncture, severe alterations in clinical values
Colic direct emergency interventions
a) Gastric lavage, spasmolytics, shock therapy
b) Gastric lavage, cecal puncture, hypovolaemic chock prevention
c) Gastric overload therapy w/ physostigmin, meteorismus tx w/ rectal puncture, shock therapy
b) Gastric lavage, cecal puncture, hypovolaemic chock prevention
Sedatives used in colic cases
a) Detomidine, medeteomidine
b) Detomidine, xylazine
c) Detomidine, flunixin-meglumine
b) Detomidine, xylazine
Colic tx in case of endotoxaemia
a) Endotoxin antiserum, carbacol, detomidin
b) Endotoxin antiserum, medetomidine, metoclopramide
c) Polymixin-B sulphate, flunixin meglumine, pentoxifillin
c) Polymixin-B sulphate, flunixin meglumine, pentoxifillin
Acute gastric dilatation pathogenesis
a) High firm feed pyloric spasm dilatation rupture
b) Great amount of feed motility decr colic vomiting metabolic alkalosis
c) Gastric content firm dilution, lactic consistence dilatation regurgitation
a) High firm feed pyloric spasm dilatation rupture
Acute gastric dilatation etiology
a) Difficulty to digest feed + lack of water
b) Highly fermentable feed + hard working after feeding
c) Overfeeding + weather change
b) Highly fermentable feed + hard working after feeding
Acute gastric dilatation CS
a) Severe colic, highly tense abd, rectal finding: gastric dilatation
b) Sudden onset, severe colic, neg rectal finding, regurgitation
c) Recurrent colic, strong int sounds, rectal grinding: dilated stomach
b) Sudden onset, severe colic, neg rectal finding, regurgitation
Acute gastric dilatation Tx
a) Detomidine, xylazine, gastric lavage
b) Physostigmine, neostimin, flunixin meglumide
c) Noraminophenason, drotaverin, gastric lavage
c) Noraminophenason, drotaverin, gastric lavage
Gastric rupture CS
a) Colic decr, shock, sweating in spots, typical abdominocentesis
b) Signs of severe abd pan, fever, bloody abd puncture
c) “Sitting dog posture”, regurgitation, bloody disturbed abd puncture
a) Colic decr, shock, sweating in spots, typical abdominocentesis
Acute gastric dilatation complications
a) Gastric torsion, gastritis, infl of small int
b) Gastric meteorismus, gastric ulcers, gastritis
c) Laminitis, hemorrhagic gastritis, typhocolitis
b) Gastric meteorismus, gastric ulcers, gastritis
Acute gastritis etiology
a) Gasterophilus, allergy, toxication by Datura Stramonium
b) Parascariosis, Stachybotris atra toxicosis, gastric overload, FB
c) Bad dentition, strongylosis, aflatoxins, allergy
a) Gasterophilus, allergy, toxication by Datura Stramonium
Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis etiology
a) Feed w mycotoxins, lactic acid incr
b) Intake of immature maize, allergy
c) Mouldy hay, water with high nitrate cc
b) Intake of immature maize, allergy
Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis CS
a) Serous gripes, “wineflake-like” gastric content, enteritis
b) Gripes perspiration, “wineflake like” gastric content, shock/death
c) Prostrate behaviour, “wineflake like” gastric content, laminitis
a) Serous gripes, “wineflake-like” gastric content, enteritis
Acute gastritis CS
a) Anorexia, polydipsia, gape, breath smells sour-lushious, mild gripes
b) Gripes, stinky breach, retching, abd dilation
c) Freq gripes, stinky breath, regurgitation, left flank dilatation
a) Anorexia, polydipsia, gape, breath smells sour-lushious, mild gripes
Chronic gastritis etiology
a) Mastication disorder, after acute gastritis, mainly colts
b) Bad dentition, air-swallow, after acute gastritis
c) Fault in feeding, incr prod of gastric acid, mainly cold blooded horses
c) Fault in feeding, incr prod of gastric acid, mainly cold blooded horses
Acute gastritis Tx
a) Fasting, laxation, bethanechol
b) Gastric lavage, laxation, physostigmine
c) Gastric lavage, fasting, linseed-slurry
c) Gastric lavage, fasting, linseed-slurry
Stomach parasite infection
a) Trichostrongylus, gasterophilus, habronematosis
b) Habronematosis, gasterophilus, parasoaridosis
c) Gasterophilus, habronematosis, strongylidosis
a) Trichostrongylus, gasterophilus, habronematosis
Signs of gastric parasite infestation in horse
a) Anaemia, fatigue, threadworm in feces
b) In colts, mild growth, irregular fur
c) Colic, slimming, diarrhea
c) Colic, slimming, diarrhea
Gasterophilosis
a) Gasterophilus, acute, gribes like gastritis, caused by gasterophilus larvae
b) Serous bloody gastritis caused by gasterophilus larvae, freq gribes
c) Gasterophilus caused by larva of equine gasterophilus causing chronic gastritis
c) Gasterophilus caused by larva of equine gasterophilus causing chronic gastritis
Gastric ulcer etiology
a) Stress, NSAIDs, faulty nutrition
b) Stress, steroid anti-inflamm drugs, grazing
c) Fasting, NSAIDs, grazing
a) Stress, NSAIDs, faulty nutrition
Gastric ulcers symptoms
a) Anorexia, weight loss, laying much, mild-moderate colic symptoms
b) Wight loss in spite of good appetite, anaemia
c) Anorexia, serious colic symptoms, anaemia
a) Anorexia, weight loss, laying much, mild-moderate colic symptoms
Catarrhal enteritis etiology
a) Vagotonia, cold water/food, meterological front
b) Acute gastritis, int. obst., parasympathicotonia
c) Diathesis, larval migration, enteritis
c) Diathesis, larval migration, enteritis
Colic important lab exams
a) Ht, total plasma protein, plasma electrolytes, acid-base, peritoneal fluid
b) Ht, qual hemogram, composition of blood protein, plasma Ca/P
c) Hgb/Ht, quan hemogram, plasma crea/urea, urine density, urine protein
a) Ht, total plasma protein, plasma electrolytes, acid-base, peritoneal fluid
Catarrhal enteritis therapy
a) Walking, No-spa inj, sigmosain IV
b) Neostigmine, walking, use of laxative
c) Anticonvulsive drug IV, enema w tepid water, warm stable
b) Neostigmine, walking, use of laxative
Catarrhal enteritis symptoms
a) Serious colic/struggling, stomach rupture, high mortality rate
b) Serious/moderate colic in seizures, fast process, advantageous prognosis
c) Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhea, lasts for 2-3d
c) Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhea, lasts for 2-3d
Drugs to increase peristalsis in horses
a) Stigmosan, konstigmin
b) Neostigmine, flunixin-meglumine
c) Xylazine, neostigmine
a) Stigmosan, konstigmin
Laxatives for horses
a) Mg sulfate, linseed mucin, detomidine inj
b) Paraffin, mg sulfate, stigmosan ing
c) Neostigmine, linseed mucin, drotaverin
b) Paraffin, mg sulfate, stigmosan ing
Strongyloidosis horse
a) Bloody water like faeces, colic, weakness
b) Occult inf, symptoms in case of impairment of resistance
c) In foals, resp symptoms, retarded growth
a) Bloody water like faeces, colic, weakness
Parascariosis
a) In intestines of suckling foals, catarrhal enteritis, small intestinal obturation, wasting/cachexia
b) In stomach, SI, occult inf in adult horses
c) Enteritis in foals, ileus, larval migration/hepatic trauma
a) In intestines of suckling foals, catarrhal enteritis, small intestinal obturation, wasting/cachexia
Removal of roundworm
a) Ivermectin, mebendazole, tetramizol
b) Fenbendazole, oxibendazole, ivermectin
c) Tiabendazole, mebendazole, tetramizol
b) Fenbendazole, oxibendazole, ivermectin
Viral enteritis of foals
a) Adenovirus, coronavirus, in sep foals, melena, dehydr, poor health
b) Adenovirus, coronavirus, enteralgia, 3-6m old foals
c) Rotavirus + resistance decr at 1-2m
c) Rotavirus + resistance decr at 1-2m
Typical of acute proximal enteritis
a) In older horses, sudden medium (average)/serious colic, duodenojejunitis + gastritis, pancreatitis
b) Young foals after separation, infl of SI, melena for days
c) Suckling foals, in studs in larger nr mortality
a) In older horses, sudden medium (average)/serious colic, duodenojejunitis + gastritis, pancreatitis
Causes of acute proximal enteritis
a) Fungus toxin of feed, allergy
b) Unknown, w horse feed or fodder fed horses, inf cause
c) In foals, when fungus toxins in milk, fungus toxicosis
b) Unknown, w horse feed or fodder fed horses, inf cause
Pathogenesis of acute proximal enteritis
a) GI motility incr melena dehyr die in 3-4d
b) Enteritis hemorrhagica, melena, recovery after tx
c) GI motility GI paralysis ileus, enteritis, enterotoxaemia, often bad outcome
c) GI motility GI paralysis ileus, enteritis, enterotoxaemia, often bad outcome
Acute proximal enteritis
a) Paralysis of intestines reflux gastric dilatation nasogastric reflux loss of fluid and electrolytes, enterotoxaemia, shock
b) Diarrhea hypovolaemia shock, endotoxaemia
c) Enteritis diarrhea lactacidaemia metabolic acidosis death
a) Paralysis of intestines reflux gastric dilatation nasogastric reflux loss of fluid and electrolytes, enterotoxaemia, shock
Acute proximal enteritis CS
a) Colic, powerful GI sounds, sunken abdomen, diarrhea, exsiccation
b) Fever colic – depression, poor health, cyanosis, round abd, regurgitation, gastric lavage: weak yellowish stinking content
c) Average/serious colic, meteorismus, melena, dehydr, shock
b) Fever colic – depression, poor health, cyanosis, round abd, regurgitation, gastric lavage: weak yellowish stinking content
Lab results of acute proximal enteritis
a) Ht 0.3-0.4, TPP 30-34g/L, leukocytes <3.0g/L, lactacid >5.2mmol/L
b) Ht 0.6-0.8, leukocytes: leukopenia, lactacidaemia: metabolic acidosis
c) Ht 0.6-0.8, neutropenia: neutrophilia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis – acidosis
c) Ht 0.6-0.8, neutropenia: neutrophilia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis – acidosis
Acute proximal enteritis tx
a) Gastric lavage, antispasmodics, intense fluid and electrolyte therapy, flunixin meglumine
b) Antispasmodics, analgesic drugs w increase GI motility, sucralfate
c) Activated charcoal, paraffin, physostigmine inj
a) Gastric lavage, antispasmodics, intense fluid and electrolyte therapy, flunixin meglumine
Ddx of acute proximal enteritis from other diseases of SI
a) Colic in the beginning, then apathic, the abdominal probe is open (opaque?), yellowish w high leukocyte content
b) Slight/average colic symptoms permanently, abd probe is translucent, yellowish w low leukocyte conent
c) Apathic, abd probe is opaque, yellowish w low leukocyte content and high erythrocyte content
a) Colic in the beginning, then apathic, the abdominal probe is open (opaque?), yellowish w high leukocyte content
Acute typhlocolitis features
a) Sudden appearance of colic accompanied by writhing, meteorism, death within 12-24h
b) Sudden appearance of appenditis, colicitis, endotoxaemic shock, high mortality
c) Sudden appearance of colic in horses kept on pasture, paralytic ileus, meteorism
a) Sudden appearance of colic accompanied by writhing, meteorism, death within 12-24h
b) Sudden appearance of appenditis, colicitis, endotoxaemic shock, high mortality
Acute typhlocolitis incidence and predisposing factors
a) Springtime grazing, driving into rich pastures, forage liveration of scatol, stress
b) Hospitalization, abd surgery, fasting, stress, ABs
c) During transport of horses kept in stable, stress, fumonisin intake
b) Hospitalization, abd surgery, fasting, stress, ABs
Acute typhlocolitis study of origin
a) Bacterial/virus inf of unknown origin, mycotoxins, stress
b) Unknown (colitis x), multicause, Cl difficile inf/prop, dysbacteriosis, salmonellosis, endotoxin prolif, stress, NSAIDs
c) Chlamydophila inf – lib of endotoxins, feeding alfalfa without transition, feeding new corn
b) Unknown (colitis x), multicause, Cl difficile inf/prop, dysbacteriosis, salmonellosis, endotoxin prolif, stress, NSAIDs
Acute typhlocolitis pathogenesis
a) Enteritis – intestinal peristalsis – severe colic – ileus – shock
b) Intestinal peristalsis incr – diarrhea – severe colic – necrosis – peritonitis – death
c) Prolif of toxin forming Clostridium, starvation – rising of intestinal pH, dysbiosis, endotoxaemia/bacteremia, damage of mucosa, diarrhea, shock
c) Prolif of toxin forming Clostridium, starvation – rising of intestinal pH, dysbiosis, endotoxaemia/bacteremia, damage of mucosa, diarrhea, shock
Acute typhlocolitis consequences
a) Fever, endotoxaemia, dehydration, hypovolaemia, metabolic acidosis, shock
b) Writhing, watery/bloody diarrhea, state of shock
c) Writhing, ileus – meteorismus, dyspnea, blood circulation insufficiency
a) Fever, endotoxaemia, dehydration, hypovolaemia, metabolic acidosis, shock
Acute typhlocolitis symptoms
a) Anorexia, fever, colic – languor, profuse diarrhea, meteorismus, intestinal sounds incr – intestinal atonia, shock
b) Writhing, profound colic, sweating, chronic diarrhea, recovery after AB tx
c) Chronic colic, hemorrhagic inf of int/diarrhea, sunken flanks, uptight abdomen, intestinal peristalsis, hypovolaemic shock
a) Anorexia, fever, colic – languor, profuse diarrhea, meteorismus, intestinal sounds incr – intestinal atonia, shock
Acute typhlocolitis lab features
a) Ht: 0.3-0.4, TPL 30-34g/L, leukocytes: 0.3g/L, lactate: 5.2mmol/L
b) Ht: 0.6-0.8, TP: 80-90g/L, leukocytes: 1.303g/L, lactate: 4mmol/L
c) Ht: 0.65, TP: 35g/L, leukocytes: 8.2-5.1g/L, lactate: 20mmol/L
b) Ht: 0.6-0.8, TP: 80-90g/L, leukocytes: 1.303g/L, lactate: 4mmol/L
Acute typhlocolitis adverse outcome
a) CRT: 3-4s, pulse: 40-52/min, red conjunctiva, resp: 18-20/min, leukocyte: 2g/L, lactate: 20mmol/L
b) CRT: 6s, pulse: 60/min, cyanosis, tachypnoe, leukocyte: 2g/L, lactate: 15-20mmol/L
c) CRT: 6s, pulse: 80/min, cyanosis, tachypnoe, leukocyte: 1g/L, lctate: 20mmol/
c) CRT: 6s, pulse: 80/min, cyanosis, tachypnoe, leukocyte: 1g/L, lctate: 20mmol/?
Acute typhlocolitis prevention
a) Hospital/general hygiene, only short term food withdrawal before surgery, stress tolerance, giving lincomicin, oxitetracyclin prohibited, probiotics
b) AB therapy preventing Clostridium, thorough fasting prior to sx, medical attendance after sx
c) Laxatives/fasting before sx, preventing AB therapy before sx, medical attendance after sx
a) Hospital/general hygiene, only short term food withdrawal before surgery, stress tolerance, giving lincomicin, oxitetracyclin prohibited, probiotics
Acute typhlocolitis medical therapy
a) Inf against dehydration, lincomicin, probiotics
b) Treatment against dehydr, metronidazole, flunixin meglumine, probiotics
c) Treating shock and dehydr, OTC, artificial feeding
b) Treatment against dehydr, metronidazole, flunixin meglumine, probiotics
(but would not use metronidazole, not needed, use of NSAIDs are controversial, can weaken the mm, can cause colitis itself)
Cause of mechanical ileus
a) Enterospasm, obstruction, intestinal paralysis
b) Obstruction, compression, intestinal dislocation, strangulation
c) Enterospasm, torsion of ileum, obturation of ileum
b) Obstruction, compression, intestinal dislocation, strangulation
Cause of functional ileus
a) Disturbance of intestinal motility, spasmodic colic
b) Spasmodic colic, intestinal paralysis
c) Long lasting colic, intestinal paralysis
b) Spasmodic colic, intestinal paralysis
Cause of paralytic ileus
a) Enteritis, peritonitis, abd sx
b) Tetanus, botulism, enterotoxicosis
c) Stress, tetanus, sx
a) Enteritis, peritonitis, abd sx
SI obstruction pathogenesis
a) Gas and fluid accumulate cranially, intestinal paralysis, protein and fluid loss, int necrosis at place of ileus – peritonitis
b) Spastic contraction of intestinal + fluid penetration, meteorism, reflux – gastric dilatation, shock + electrolyte turnover dysfunction
c) Bacterial invasions of the place of obstruction – peritonitis, severe colic/rolling – gastric and intestinal rupture
b) Spastic contraction of intestinal + fluid penetration, meteorism, reflux – gastric dilatation, shock + electrolyte turnover dysfunction
SI obstruction CS
a) Violent long lasting colic, rectal finding; obstruction, strong intestinal sounds, sunken lumbar region, peritonitis pointing punctuation
b) Alternative intestinal colic, negative rectal finding, mild meteorism, diarrhea
c) Medium/strong colic, sec gastric contents by nasogastric tube, regurgitation, bicycle inner tube intact at rectal palpation
c) Medium/strong colic, sec gastric contents by nasogastric tube, regurgitation, bicycle inner tube intact at rectal palpation
SI obstruction outcome
a) Surgery, spasmolytic in case of obturation, poor prognosis, death in next 48h
b) Strong painkiller, spasmolytics, doubtful prognosis, after 3-4d w/out progress – death
c) Lg amount of physostigmine in case of obstruction, repeated application, fast recovery after solving the obturation
a) Surgery, spasmolytic in case of obturation, poor prognosis, death in next 48h
b) Strong painkiller, spasmolytics, doubtful prognosis, after 3-4d w/out progress – death
Dislocation and strangulation of ileus pathogenesis
a) Intestinal motility decr, int secretion incr – fluid/gas incr – circulatory and resp disturbances – dies within 24h
b) Compression of vessels – infarct of intestinal wall – damage intestinal wall + pain + hypovolaemia + endotoxaemia – shock
c) Compression of arteries in intestinal wall – impairment of supply of int wall – necrosis – toxaemia/bacteraemia – endotoxic shock
b) Compression of vessels – infarct of intestinal wall – damage intestinal wall + pain + hypovolaemia + endotoxaemia – shock
c) Compression of arteries in intestinal wall – impairment of supply of int wall – necrosis – toxaemia/bacteraemia – endotoxic shock
SI strangulation ileus causes
a) Incarceration of internal hernia, intestinal retroflexion
b) Invagination of SI, strangulation of SI
c) Torsion of SI, strangulation of SI
c) Torsion of SI, strangulation of SI
SI dislocation ileus causes
a) Internal hernia, torsion of SI
b) Intestinal torsion, intestinal invagination, thromb-embolic intestinal disease
c) Diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal spasm, torsion of SI
a) Internal hernia, torsion of SI
SI torsion causes
a) Unequal content of int, colon reflux, disposition because of anatomy
b) Int motility incr, colic rolling, disposition because of anatomy
c) Forage intake – lactic acid incr – colic rolling – sI torsion
b) Int motility incr, colic rolling, disposition because of anatomy
SI torsion CS
a) Weakness, int motility incr, colic, rectal findings; SI strangulation
b) Colic/weakness left flank dilatation, rectal findings; place of basic disease
c) Severe colic, int sounds decr, reflux, rectal findings; SI like bicycle tube
c) Severe colic, int sounds decr, reflux, rectal findings; SI like bicycle tube
SI torsion outcome
a) Sx/ maybe, poor prognosis, death in 24-36h
b) Neostigmine, doubtful prognosis, improvement after 24h not expected
c) Physostigmine/torsion might resolve as a result of walking, doubtful prognosis, significant mortality
a) Sx/ maybe, poor prognosis, death in 24-36h
SI invagination reasons
a) As a result of enteritis, int motility incr, depending on basis of disease/poor prognosis
b) Foals have unequal peristalsis + ascariosis, acute/subacute course of disease, doubtful prognosis
c) Race horses/sport horses, result of stress, short/favourable course of disease
b) Foals have unequal peristalsis + ascariosis, acute/subacute course of disease, doubtful prognosis
SI invagination CS
a) Severe colic, weakness, left flank dilatation, rectal findings; flatulent SI
b) Progressive colic, sitting dog posture, rectal findings; flatulent SI
c) Mild/mediocre colic, int sounds incr – decr, rectal findings; tense intestines
c) Mild/mediocre colic, int sounds incr – decr, rectal findings; tense intestines
Intestinal stenosis CS
a) Periodic colic, subileus, mending/aggravation dyspepsia
b) SI obturation, ileus, quick/slow progression
c) Occasionally colic/dyspepsia, improving after purgative, recurring diarrhea
a) Periodic colic, subileus, mending/aggravation dyspepsia
Mesenteric abscess
a) Foals after strangles, colic of variable intensity, dyspepsia, rectal findings, mostly neg
b) Recurrent/mediocre colic, relapse/emaciation, rectal findings; round, size of fist or head, tuberity formula
c) Colic in foal after strangles/failure, rectal findings; in pelvis, formula w fluctuating palpation on the right side
a) Foals after strangles, colic of variable intensity, dyspepsia, rectal findings, mostly neg
b) Recurrent/mediocre colic, relapse/emaciation, rectal findings; round, size of fist or head, tuberity formula
Grass sickness
a) Dyspepsia during pasture, cachexia, disappearing after housing
b) Pasturage/after being fed with harshly cut grass, mostly in foal recently separate dfrom mother, encephalo and soinal consequences
c) Neurotoxin – GI myoparalysis, pastured horse
c) Neurotoxin – GI myoparalysis, pastured horse
Acute form of grass sickness symptoms
a) Gastric dilatation/reflux, paralytic ileus, dysphagia, lameness
b) Alimentary symptoms, colic, heavy diarrhea, dehydration
c) Fever, intestinal motility incr, diarrhea, colic, dehydration shock
a) Gastric dilatation/reflux, paralytic ileus, dysphagia, lameness
Primary caecal meteorism etiology
a) Feeding with Lucerne – lactic acid incr – paralysis of cecal musculature – gas accumulation
b) Feeding huge amount of papilionaceae without gradation, fermentation incr, seasonal
c) Feeding w forage – VFA/lactic acid incr – gas production incr
b) Feeding huge amount of papilionaceae without gradation, fermentation incr, seasonal
Primary caecal meteorism pathogenesis
a) Gas acc – intestinal dilatation – int paralysis – int rupture
b) Fermentation of CH/cecum – lactic acid + gas prod incr – int paralysis + int dilatation – shock
c) Cecal dilatation – spastic pain – atonia – fluid entrance – dyspnea – shock
b) Fermentation of CH/cecum – lactic acid + gas prod incr – int paralysis + int dilatation – shock
Primary caecal meteorism symptoms
a) Heavy solid, drum like dilatation of right flank, dyspnea, rectal palp; dilated cecum
b) Heavy colic, heavy symmetric dilatation of the abdomen, dyspnea, cyanosis, rectal palp; dilated cecum
c) Weak/average colic, dilated flanks, dyspnea, cyanosis, rectal palp; dilated cecum/colon
a) Heavy solid, drum like dilatation of right flank, dyspnea, rectal palp; dilated cecum
Primary cecal meteorism outcome, method of tx
a) Paracentesis just farthest case, physostigmine gives good result in high doses, antichock if therapy, outcome: generally good
b) Cecal paracentesis, without this, danger of death is very high (trocarisation?)
c) Physosyigmine + Nospa inj, walking, fasting, reacts quickly to therapy
b) Cecal paracentesis, without this, danger of death is very high (trocarisation?)
Chronic caecal impaction causes and pathogenesis
a) Old horses, rough fibre feed, intestinal peristalsis decr, stasis/impaction of int content, endotoxamia, peritonitis, int rupture
b) Rough fibre feed, chewing disorder, older age, int peristalsis decr, stasis/impaction of int content – colic – wasting, int rupture
c) Fibery/chopped hay – VFA incr – intestinal atony – intestinal content compaction – colic – wasting
b) Rough fibre feed, chewing disorder, older age, int peristalsis decr, stasis/impaction of int content – colic – wasting, int rupture
Caecal impaction symptoms
a) Medium/recurring colic, anorexia, failure, rectal palp; hard resistance at right upper region of abdomen
b) Colic nervousness, no defecation, wrong general health, rectal palp; faeces filled resistance at left upper 3rd of abdomen
c) Weak/constant colic, small berrylike feces, or no defecation, rectal palp; hard, feces filled resistance at right middle region of abdomen
a) Medium/recurring colic, anorexia, failure, rectal palp; hard resistance at right upper region of abdomen
Caecal impaction tx and outcome
a) Starving, cachectic, enema, good recover change
b) Inf therapy, spasmolytics, deep enema, yeast mash through centesis, result; doubtful, danger of rupture
c) Physostigmine inj many repeats, enemas, mechanical removal of feces, recover in days after tx
b) Inf therapy, spasmolytics, deep enema, yeast mash through centesis, result; doubtful, danger of rupture??
Colon impaction causes
a) Rough fibre feed, bad teeth, old horses
b) Rough fiber feed, overfeeding, chewing disorder
c) Eating of litter, milling industry by-product, intestinal atony, intestinal paralysis, old horses
a) Rough fibre feed, bad teeth, old horses
Colon impaction pathogenesis
a) Intestinal paralysis – int content impaction/stasis, dehydr – hypovolemic shock
b) Int motility decr – disturb of int content passage/stasis, int atrophy
c) Hardening/acc of int content, ileus – colic/dehydr – shock
c) Hardening/acc of int content, ileus – colic/dehydr – shoc
Colon impaction predilection sites
a) Ampulla of dorsal colon, colon transversum, caeco-colic opening
b) Caeco-colic opening, colon transversum, ampulla of dorsal colon
c) Flexura pelvina, ampulla of dorsal colon, colon transversum
c) Flexura pelvina, ampulla of dorsal colon, colon transversum
Colon impaction CS
a) Constant/mediocre colic, “rocking horse” bearing, apathy, “seize up” faeces, rectal palp; hard faeces filled intestinal parts
b) Fluctuating power colic, “dog-like sitting”, rare defecation of hard balls, rectal palp; faeces filled intestinal parts
c) Medium/stronger colic from time to time, fast pulse rate, dilated abdomen, rectal palp; faeces filled colon
a) Constant/mediocre colic, “rocking horse” bearing, apathy, “seize up” faeces, rectal palp; hard faeces filled intestinal parts
Colon impaction outcome, prognosis
a) Impaction of ampulla of dorsal colon: fast recover, colon transversum: doubtful, intestinal rupture is unfavourable
b) Good results with early recognition, advanced stage; doubtful, intestinal atrophy, infaust
c) Good rxn to proper tx, the ampulla of the dorsal colon is susceptible to pressure necrosis
b) Good results with early recognition, advanced stage; doubtful, intestinal atrophy, infaust
Large colon obstipation tx
a) Paraffin oil poured into horse mouth, enema, neostigmine
b) MgSO4 poured into horse mouth, repeated neostigmine inj
c) Flunixin-meglumine to treat endotoxaemia, fluid therapy, paraffin oil, istizin
c) Flunixin-meglumine to treat endotoxaemia, fluid therapy, paraffin oil, istizin
Small colon obstipation causes
a) Small rough plant parts get into small colon – convulsions, intestinal passage stops
b) Many rough plantal fibres get into small colon – intestinal atony – thickening of int content
c) Small colon fills with thickened content – int dilatation/atony – int passage stops
c) Small colon fills with thickened content – int dilatation/atony – int passage stops
Small colon obstipation CS
a) Slight/serious colic, faintness/lack of appetite, defecation faiure, rectal findings; hard deces balls in small colon
b) Slight colic, few hard faecal balls, rectal findings; hard, thickened faeces in small colon
c) Permanent colic changing in its intensity, total lack of food uptake/faintness, no defecation, rectal findings; hard fecal balls in small colon
c) Permanent colic changing in its intensity, total lack of food uptake/faintness, no defecation, rectal findings; hard fecal balls in small colon
Small colon obstipation tx
a) Intestinal tamponade, laxative oil/salts, mechanical removal
b) Enema, repeated IM physostigmine inj, walk
c) Fasting, sucralfate inj, intestinal tamponade, istizin
a) Intestinal tamponade, laxative oil/salts, mechanical removal
Meconium colic
a) Intestinal obturation in newborn foal caused by chorion
b) Meconium accumulation in small colon of newborn foals
c) Convulsion/obstipation caused by meconium in the newborn foal
b) Meconium accumulation in small colon of newborn foals
Meconium colic causes
a) Lengthened gravidity, lg amount of meconium, difficult birth
b) Retained placenta, lack of colostrum, premature birth
c) Lack of colostrum, lengthened gravidity, tight pelvis
c) Lack of colostrum, lengthened gravidity, tight pelvis
Meconium colic symptoms
a) Defecation attempts, bad general state
b) Hard/pitch like feces, permanent colic, anuria
c) Pitch-like feces, colic, faintness
a) Defecation attempts, bad general state
Meconium colic tx
a) Enema, istizin, im physostigmine inj
b) Mechanical removal of meconium, enema, paraffin oil given through nasal tube
c) Enema, laxative oil/salt poured into foals mouth, mechanical removal of meconium
b) Mechanical removal of meconium, enema, paraffin oil given through nasal tube
Mechanical ileus of large colon causes
a) Intestinal obturative ileus
b) FB gets into int / spastic ileus
c) Conglobatum, enteroliths, phytotrichobezoars/obturative ileus
c) Conglobatum, enteroliths, phytotrichobezoars/obturative ileus
Mechanical ileus of large colon CS
a) Long lasting course, colic, intestinal sounds incr, defecation decr, coprological investigation, loosened colon
b) Course lasts 1-2d, colic, int paralysis, meteorism, rectal findings; int wall oedema, causing thing is touchable
c) Fatal fast course, colic, meteorism, shock, rectal findings; oedematous colon filled by gas
b) Course lasts 1-2d, colic, int paralysis, meteorism, rectal findings; int wall oedema, causing thing is touchable
Forms of large colon dislocation ileus
a) Torsion, thrombo-embolic enteropathy, angle refraction
b) Angle refraction/retroflexion, torsion, large intestinal exclusion caused by spleen-kidney ligament
c) Retroflexion, torsion, intestinal obturation/compression
b) Angle refraction/retroflexion, torsion, large intestinal exclusion caused by spleen-kidney ligament
Large colon dislocation etiology
a) Motility of large colon incr because of enteritis, rolling, anatomic disposition
b) LI/meteorismus, irritation of int wall – int motility incr, suddenly moving
c) Unequal fullness of large colon, suddenly powerful moving (plica colica) anatomical disposition
c) Unequal fullness of large colon, suddenly powerful moving (plica colica) anatomical disposition
Large colon torsion pathogenesis
a) Compression of int veins – circ decr in lg areas – hypovolaemic + endotoxaemic shock
b) Int motility incr – diarrhea – fluid loss – hypovolaemic shock
c) Torsion/compression of vessels – local circulation insuff – int necrosis – endotoxaemia/bacteraemia
a) Compression of int veins – circ decr in lg areas – hypovolaemic + endotoxaemic shock
Large colon torsion CS
a) Powerful colic, hard intestinal sounds, bad general health, rectal findings; place of torsion can be tangled as a gross band
b) Continuous colic thrashing, bloat, alarming general health, rectal finding; oedema infiltration of int wall is typical
c) Hard colic + int motility incr, bloat, bad general health, rectal finding; torsion is tangled
b) Continuous colic thrashing, bloat, alarming general health, rectal finding; oedema infiltration of int wall is typical
Large colon torsion outcome
a) Cannot solve with surgery, mortality within 1d
b) Sx rarely successful, physostigmine inj can help, mortality within 2-3d
c) Sx can be successful within 8h, otherwise death within 1d
c) Sx can be successful within 8h, otherwise death within 1d
Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease
a) A thrombosis/embolism in wall of colon/mesenterium caused by strongylus vulgaris larvae
b) Colic disease caused by Strongylus vulgris roundworm
c) Hypermotility – large intestine displacement colic caused by roundworm larvae
a) A thrombosis/embolism in wall of colon/mesenterium caused by strongylus vulgaris larvae
Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease etiology
a) Roundworm migration in intestinal wall – blood supply decr – intestinal wall oedema/necrosis – peritonitis/shock
b) Embolism in intestinal artery – blood supply decr – colic, int wall oedema/necrosis – peritonitis/shock
c) Strongylus vulgaris infection – intestinal vessel thrombosis – intestinal paralysis – paralytic ileus – shock
b) Embolism in intestinal artery – blood supply decr – colic, int wall oedema/necrosis – peritonitis/shock
Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease CS and outcome
a) Colic, meteorismus, paralytic ileus, roundworms in feces, rectal findings; LI bloating, physostigmine inj, prognosis doubtful
b) Light/medium colic, meteorismus/diarrhea, rectal findings; LI filled w gas, strongylus eggs in feces, surgery, prognosis doubtful
c) Sudden serious colic, bloat, paralytic ileus symptoms, rectal findings; not typical, tx palliative, mortality within 1d
c) Sudden serious colic, bloat, paralytic ileus symptoms, rectal findings; not typical, tx palliative, mortality within 1d
Rectum rupture etiology
a) Amateur rectal finding/covering
b) Rectal finding, obstipation
c) Amateur covering/colic tx, intestinal torsion
a) Amateur rectal finding/covering
Rectum rupture/intestinal wall rupture consequences
a) Hard colic, paralytic ileus, blood flow from the rectum, peritonitis, sx ineffective, death within 2-5d
b) Painful worrying, blood from rectum, septicaemia/endotoxaemia, death within 2-3h in case of perforation
c) Colic worrying, blood from rectum, defecation disorder, injury can be successfully treated even in case of perforation
b) Painful worrying, blood from rectum, septicaemia/endotoxaemia, death within 2-3h in case of perforation
Rupture of rectum / mucosal injury effects
a) Colic restlessness, fatigue/weakness, bleeding from rectum, surgery useless, death in 2-3d
b) Defecation painful, feces covered with blood, worsening condition, untreatable
c) Bleeding during rectal palpation, pain, wound has to be stitched, prognosis good/unstable
b) Defecation painful, feces covered with blood, worsening condition, untreatable
c) Bleeding during rectal palpation, pain, wound has to be stitched, prognosis good/unstable
Rupture of rectal wall tx
a) Conservative therapy in simple cases, sx + conservative therapy in more complicated cases, untreatable in case of perforation
b) Always sx, can help even in case of complete rupture of rectal wall
c) Conservative tx is long, but useful except if complete perforation, in that case prognosis is uncertain
a) Conservative therapy in simple cases, sx + conservative therapy in more complicated cases, untreatable in case of perforation
Chronic enteritis, cyathostomiasis tx
a) Fenbendazole, moxidectin
b) Ivermextin, moxidectin
c) Mebendazole, ivermectin
a) Fenbendazole, moxidectin
Chronic enteritis etiology
a) Granulomatous enteritis appears usually in horse older than 15y
b) Multisystemic eosinophil epitheliotrop disease causing lesions in gut mucosa and skin
c) Proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis and appears in horses older than 15y
b) Multisystemic eosinophil epitheliotrop disease causing lesions in gut mucosa and skin
Pathomechanism of colic. What is not typical?
a) Hypovolaemia
b) Hyperthermia
c) Endotoxaemia
d) Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
b) Hyperthermia
Causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy?
a) E. coli
b) Lawsonia intracellularis
c) Clostridium difficile
d) Clostridium perfringens D
b) Lawsonia intracellularis
Aetiology of acute gastric dilation in horses?
a) Poorly digestible feed + lack of water
b) Highly fermentable feed + hard work after feeding
c) Overfeeding with hay + weather front changes
d) Sand-containing food + weather front changes
b) Highly fermentable feed + hard work after feeding
Acute primary gastric dilation/treatment/horse?
a) Gastric lavage by tubing, spamolytics, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement, flunixin meglumine (analgesia)
b) Analgesics, mobilisers, sucralfate, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
c) Mineral oil, activated charcoal, sennoside, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
d) Diet coke, lidocaine, acepromazine
a) Gastric lavage by tubing, spamolytics, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement, flunixin meglumine (analgesia)
Large colon torsion/outcome?
a) Can’t be solved by surgery, always fatal outcome within one day
b) Operation rarely successful, physostigmine inj. otherwise death within 2-3 days
c) Operation can be successful within 8 hours, without surgery: death
d) Specific body rotation in general anaesthesia can be solution
c) Operation can be successful within 8 hours, without surgery: death
Dysphagia/causes/horse?
a) E.g. blister beetle toxicosis, mandibular trauma, cyst of the soft palate
b) E.g. guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscess, cleft palate
c) E.g. Dorsal displacement of soft palate, sinusitis, hypertriglyceridemia
d) Equine motor neuron disease, herpesvirus infection, West Nile virus infection
b) E.g. guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscess, cleft palate
Cause of paralytic ileus?
a) Enteritis, peritonitis, abdominal surgery (postoperative stage)
b) Tetanus, botulism, enterotoxicosis, herpes
c) Stress, organic phosphorous ester toxicosis
d) Intestinal intussusception, chantaridin toxicosis
a) Enteritis, peritonitis, abdominal surgery (postoperative stage)
Clinical signs of acute proximal enteritis/horse?
a) Colic, strong GI sounds, sunken abdomen, diarrhoea, dehydration
b) Colic depression, poor general status, reflux, distended small intestinal loops on US
c) Mild/moderate colic, meteorism, melaena, dehydration, shock
d) Loss of appetite, weight loss, recurrent fever
b) Colic depression, poor general status, reflux, distended small intestinal loops on US
Oesophageal obturation/treatment/horse?
a) Trocarisation of the caecum if necessary, dipyrone, xylazine
b) Dipyrone, xylazine, trying to remove the solid food by hand if it is located behind the pharynx
c) Oxytocin, butylscopolamine, xylazine, oesophagostomy if other methods of removal fail
d) Neostigmine, lidocaine, liquid paraffin
c) Oxytocin, butylscopolamine, xylazine, oesophagostomy if other methods of removal fail
Grass sickness/horse/cause?
a) Salmonella sp.
b) Cl. tetani
c) Cl. botulinum
d) Groundsel
c) Cl. botulinum
Grass sickness/horse/clinical signs?
a) Obstipation, nasogastric reflux, ptosis, muscle fasciculations
b) Diarrhoea, reflux, miosis
c) Reflux, nystagmus, muscle fasciculations
d) Obstipation, nystagmus, dysphagia
a) Obstipation, nasogastric reflux, ptosis, muscle fasciculations
Spasmodic colic/symptoms?
a) Severe colic/rolling, danger of gastric rupture, high mortality rate
b) Mild/moderate colic in attacks, negative rectal findings, fast course, favourable outcome
c) Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhoea, rectal finding: distended intestines
d) Poor performance, recurrent
b) Mild/moderate colic in attacks, negative rectal findings, fast course, favourable outcome?
Esophageal obturation in horses/etiology:
a) Dry chopped feed
b) Solid pieces of feed (apple, potato, sugar beet)
c) Abnormal position of the ligamentum botalli
d) Most commonly secondary to other problems
b) Solid pieces of feed (apple, potato, sugar beet)
Esophageal obturation/symptoms/horse:
a) Dysphagia due to secondary pharyngeal paralysis, regurgitation, colic
b) Esophageal spasm, retching, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia
c) Inability to swallow, esophageal paralysis, secondary laryngeal paralysis
d) Swollen neck, ptyalism
b) Esophageal spasm, retching, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia
Mycotic stomatitis of horses/aetiology?
a) Fusariosis, actinomycosis
b) Cryptococcosis, aflatoxicosis
c) Candidiasis, satratoxicosis
d) Aspergillosis, trichomoniasis
c) Candidiasis, satratoxicosis
Grading of gastric ulcers/horse:
a) 0-4
b) 0-5
c) 0-10
d) a-d
a) 0-4
Stomatitis of horses/viral and fungal origin/causes?
a) Vesiculovirus, candidiasis, satratoxicosis
b) Aphtovirus, herpesvirus, candidiasis
c) Vesiculovirus, satratoxicosis, crptococcus neoformans
d) Herpesvirus, rotavirus, adenovirus
a) Vesiculovirus, candidiasis, satratoxicosis
Laxatives for horses?
a) Magnesium sulfate, neostigmine, sennoside
b) Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulphate (Na)
c) Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, carbachol
d) Diet coke, charcoal
b) Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulphate (Na)
Cleft palate in horses?
a) Signs: dysphagia, nasal discharge with food particles
b) Complications: decreased weight, diarrhoea, aspiration pneumonia
c) Diagnosis: radiography
d) Treatment: none
a) Signs: dysphagia, nasal discharge with food particles
Oesophageal obturation/prognosis/horse?
a) Mostly unfavourable
b) Mostly favourable
c) Always fatal outcome
d) Poor prognosis
b) Mostly favourable
