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Year 2 Equine ID > Equine dermatological ID > Flashcards

Equine dermatological ID Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 major bacterial dermatological diseases in horses

A

o Streptococcal dermatitis
o Staphylococcal dermatitis
o Dermatophilosis

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2
Q

Name the 2 major Fungal dermatological diseases in horses

A 
o	Dermatophytosis (ringworm)
o	Subcutaneous / systemic
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3
Q

Name the 3 major Viral dermatological diseases in horses

A 
o	Viral papilloma
o	Pinnal acanthosis / aural plaques
o	Coital exanthema
o	Horse pox
o	Papular dermatitis
o	(Sarcoid)
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4
Q

Streptococcal Dermatitis

How common?

A
  1. Most common secondary infection of wounds and other skin damage
  2. Streptococcal part of normal flora, only pathogenic if primary infection compromising the horse immune system
  3. there are 3 diff types
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5
Q

The different types of streptococcal dermatitis

A
  1. Streptococcus equi var. zooepidemicus:
    - Most common type of streptococcus
    - Opportunistic pathogen – if the skin is broken
    - Folliculitis, furunculosis, cellulitis
  2. Streptococcus equi var. equi: causes strangles
    - Obligate pathogen
    - Abscess (Bastard strangles)
  3. Streptococcus equisimilis:
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6
Q

Clinical signs Streptococcal dermititis

A
  • Secondary infection to skin
  • Mildly to moderately painful skin infections and abscess – secondary to the initial break in the skin
  • Degree of discomfort tend to be mild
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7
Q

How to diagnose Streptococcal dermatitis

A
  • Based on culture and clinical features

* Sample of bacteria – sent for culture sensitivity

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8
Q

Treatment of Streptococcal dermatitis

A
  1. If give antimicrobials give penicilin as v sensitive to it (almost 100% will resolve)
  2. If abscess then always drain
  3. Topical antimicrobial washes in mild superficial infections
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9
Q

Presented with mild superficial streptococcal dermatitis infection. What treat and what to ensure?

A
  1. Topical antimicrobial washes
  2. Always make sure water is very warm, as hot as you can tolerate with hand.
  3. Heat helps penetration of antimicrobial on hair follicles
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10
Q

StAPHYLOcoccus dermatitis

- which are most common?

A

Bacterial caused dermatitis

  1. Staphylococcus aureus and intermedius
    - aureus of which can be resistant to a few antimicrobials
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11
Q

Clinical signs horse has Staphylococcus

A
  1. Very painful to touch (different to Streptococcus) should immediately alert you to Aureus
  2. Localised exudative dermatitis
  3. Focal lesions also occur (abscesses or pyogranulomas)
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12
Q

Difference between staphylococcus adn streptococcus?

A

Strepto - mild discomfort

Staphylo - Very painful

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13
Q

Clinical syndromes associated with staphylococcus

A
  1. Pyoderma:
    • Secondary to some form of trauma
    • Large painful exudative areas
  2. Saddle rash: 
    • Associated with rubbing of harness areas and saddle cloths
  3. Pastern folliculitis picture on RHS
    • Lots of things cause but secondary infection with staphylococcus complicates it
  4. Abscesses
  5. These secondary infections tend to complicate!
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14
Q

Treatment of staphylococcus

A
  1. Problematic! frequently become resistant to antimicrobials
  2. Clipping hair + antiseptic washes with warm water Always helps
  3. Drainage of abscesses
  4. Systemic antimicrobials based on c+s
    - Tend to become resistant
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15
Q

Talk about Dermatophilosis

A
  1. Bacterial caused dermatitis
  2. known as rain scald
  3. Bacteria called Dermatophilus congolensis
  4. not v pathogenic bacteria - needs breakage of skin
  5. very contagious, esp wet areas, young horses, groups
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16
Q

What areas are most commonly infected by bacteria Dermatophilosis

A

• Affects areas that are commonly or persistently soaked – rain makes skin more susceptible to infection/damage: back, head and neck

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17
Q

Presentation of rain scald/ dermatophilosis

A
  • Initially lesions are small, easier to feel than see so might miss (common presentation in summer).
  • Feel little scabs. Can sometimes see the hair is elevated
  • More severe disease in winter: matted hair, adherent crusts with bits of matted hair a purulent base
  • Bitch scab, hair comes and purulent base
  • Pain usually mild
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18
Q

Diagnosis of dermatophilosis

A

(Rain scald)
• Easily recognised clinically – pull scab off and the hair comes with it
• To confirm can direct smears
• Culture – characteristic tramlines

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19
Q

Treatment dermatophilosis

A
  1. dry environment!! – skin can recover/heal better if dry
  2. Removal of every single matted hair and crusts/scabs
  3. Once removed, treat with antimicrobial washes (diluted chlorhexidine)
  4. Systemic antimicrobials in severe cases
20
Q

NAme 2 fungal dermatitis

A 
o	Dermatophytosis (ringworm)
o	Subcutaneous / systemic
21
Q 
Talk about equine Dermatophytosis 
how common?
contagious or not?
incubation period?
What horses mostly affected?
A

RINGOWRM!!
• One of the commonest skin disease affecting horses
• Highly contagious (direct and indirect contact – brushes, rugs, tack), groups of horses, immunocompromised horses (cushings)
• Incubation period 2-3 weeks
• Affects mostly young horses or immunosuppressed horses
• Some immunity with age. Older horses can be re-infected but lesions are smaller and quicker to resolve. More severe in younger horses

22
Q

What are the 2 main genera of fungi causing dermatophytosis/ ringworm?

A

Genera and then the most common species of each:

  1. Trichophyton:
    • T. equinum var. equinum
    • T. verrucosum
  2. Microsporum:
    • M. gypseum
    • M. equinum
23
Q

Clinical signs of equine dermatophytosis?

A

RINGERSSSSS
• Small (5-20mm), circular patches of hair “sticking” up – hair will become weak, fall or pull away easily.
• Accumulation of keratinised squamous cells: “cigarette ash”
• Weakening of hair → bald patches
• Secondary bacterial infections?
• Healing centrifugally from centre of lesion
• Young horse on RHS – severely infected

24
Q

diagnosis equine dermatophytosis?

A
  • Skin scraping (+ microscopy)
  • Hair pluck (+ microscopy)
  • Culture (fungal culture takes a long time! Several weeks!)
  • PCR recent develop – sample of hair and can detect genetic material of fungi. Quicker, however risks false negatives
25
Q

Treatment equine dermatophytosis

A
  • Isolate horse! Highly contagious and zoonotic (wear protective gloves)
  • Most self limiting: 5-10 weeks for immunity and recovery – can take a long time
  • Topical treatment: natamycin, enilconazole most common, done topically (bathe horse and environment/enrichment), miconazole
  • Environmental disinfection – treat environment as fungal spores everywhere- Tack, brushes, rugs
26
Q

Viral equine diseases

A
  1. Viral Papilloma / Grass warts
  2. Coital exanthema
  3. Pinnal acanthosis/ Aural plaques
27
Q

Talk about Viral Papilloma

A
  1. also known as grass warts
  2. an EQUINE SPECIFIC papovavirus
  3. • Affects mainly younger horses (6 months to 4 years) or immunocompromised, hardly ever adults as good immunity, if adult big immunocompromise
    • Moderately contagious
    COMMON
28
Q

Clinical signs of viral papilloma

A

(grass warts)
• Multiple pink or grey lesions on muzzle, lips, face, distal limbs, ventral abdomen and genital areas
• Affected animals show no evidence of discomfort or pruritus

29
Q

Diagnosis of viral papilloma and treatment

A

Clinical diag
Treatment - often surgery or topical treatment causes more pain so usually leave adn spontaneous resolution will occur (may persist in older)
• Surgical excision if really affecting horse but can cause more damage
• Topical antivirals can cause inflammation
• Autogenous vaccination – freeze

30
Q

Pinnal acanthosis

A

Viral disease

Also called aural plaques

31
Q

Is equine Pinnal acanthosis common?

How transmitted?

A
  • Very common – horses ears
  • Unidentified Papillomavirus
  • Transmission by black flies (Simulium spp.)
  • Range from small raised depigmented areas to large clusters of white masses – raised plaques in the horses ears.
32
Q

Diagnosis and treatment Pinnal acanthosis / Aural plaques

A

Diag: Straightforward = horse with plaques in ear
• Don’t mix with sarcoids!
Treatment:
Do not biopsy!!! horses don’t like their ears being touched – could lead to very head shy horse.
DON’t TREAT

33
Q

Coital exanthema
What causes it?
transmissoon
Incubation

A

VIRAL disease

  1. Venereal disease (sexually transmitted) caused by equine herpes virus 3
  2. Transmission also occurs by indirect contact and inhalation virus droplets
  3. Incubation period 5-7 days
  4. not v common
34
Q

Coital exanthema

epidemiology and immunity

A
  • Epidemiologically only significant in breeding animals when breeding
  • Once infected - solid immunity: most horses are only infected once
35
Q

Clinical signs of Coital exanthema

A
  • Rapidly developing ulcers and papules (1-5mm) on henitalia  penis, vulva and perineum
  • Lesions can be mildly pruritic but are not painful
  • Healing of lesions may leave permanently depigmented spots on the skin
36
Q

Diagnosis and treatment Coital exanthema

A

• Clinical signs
• Virus isolation difficult
• Not very common disease
Treatment:
• Stop breeding (i.e. stallion or mare servicing) until at least 3 weeks after the lesions and ulcers have healed
• Topical antimicrobials / antiseptics (stop infection)
• Local anaesthetic creams (stop itchiness/pruritic) if necessary

37
Q

Horse POX
Common?
2 Different forms?
Signs and treatment

A 
VIRAL
V rare
2 forms:
o	Buccal form (just around mouth)  -corner of lips and nostril  
o	Cutaneous form (whole body)
  • Mild systemic signs: fever and depression
  • No treatment: spontaneous regression – few days
38
Q

Papular dermatosis

A

Viral
• Very rare (Africa, USA)
• Unspecified Pox virus
• Annular papular lesions, non-pruritic or painful
• Most cases resolve in 4-6 weeks: no need for specific treatment
• Just be aware it exists

39
Q

Sarcoid

A
  1. most common skin tumour in horses
  2. Tumour of fibroblasts of the skin
  3. Potential association with Bovine Papillomavirus 1 and 2
40
Q

Are sarcoids a viral disease?

A

• Not viral disease but parts of Genetic material for papillomavirus can act as an oncogene which gets inserted in fibroblast DNA  transformed normal F into tumour sarcoid

41
Q

any predisposition to sarcoids?

Location associated with

A

• No sex or breed predisposition

Location - NEAR BLOOD SUPPLY

42
Q

NAme the different clinical presentations of sarcoids

A
  1. Occult sarcoid
  2. Verrucose sarcoid
  3. nodular sarcoid
  4. Fibroblastic sarcoid
  5. mixed sarcoid
  6. Malignant sarcoid
43
Q

Describe

  1. Occult sarcoid
  2. Verrucose sarcoid
  3. nodular sarcoid
A

OS – area where hair looks a bit different, alopecia, looks similar to ringworm with hair, ventral abdomen and NEAR blood vessel (as shown on pic) helps to determine sarcoid not ring
VS – looks like wart, cauliflower
NS – looks like a solid mass, cutaneous

44
Q

Describe

  1. Fibroblastic sarcoid
  2. mixed sarcoid
  3. Malignant sarcoid
A

FS – fleshy looking lesion, ulcerated
MS – more than one form of sarcoid, this pic got VS, FS and OC in middle where skin looks different
Maglignant S – not actually malignant, just very aggressice locally, can cause lot of damage to skin in area

45
Q

Diagnosis sarcoid

A

Biopsy
• Histologically distinctive
• Dangers of exacerbation – fibroblasts arrive at site of injury – taking a biopsy will lead to more fibroblasts arriving.
• Be ready to treat if positive diagnosis  needs treating before biopsy makes it worse.
• Only interfere if able to treat quickly after

46
Q

Treatment sarcoids

A
  • long list = nothing 100% perfect
    • Surgery / Cryo / Laser
    • ‘Immune’ therapy – sarcoid tumours are ignored by the immune system – we need to make the tumour recognisable by the immune system:
    o BCG Injections – allows tumour to be recognised by immune cells.
    o Vaccines
    • Cytotoxics (topical & injection)
    • Antimitotics (topical)
    • Photodynamic therapy – inject substance that will get excited at specific wavelength and destroy sarcoid cells
    • Radiation (very expensive/lots of paperwork/risk to us)
    • Homeopathy / Natural medicine
    NB the more treatments you try, and fail, the more difficult the sarcoid will be to treat.
47
Q

Sarcoid prognosis: rules you must follow when dealing with sarcoids

A

RULE 1:
• The more they have the more they get
RULE 2:
• The fewer they have the fewer they get
RULE 3:
• Multiply over summer (flies more active in summer) & grow over winter (become apparent)
RULE 4:
• A single sarcoid implies (genetic) susceptibility
o This remains for life!
o Treat and all go away – doesn’t mean will never get them again

Year 2 Equine ID (7 decks)

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