Equine Cardiac Murmurs Flashcards
S1 is the __ closure, S2 is the __ closure, S3 is the __ filling and S4 is the __ filling
S1 is the AV valve closure, S2 is the semi lunar valve closure, S3 is the ventricular filling and S4 is the atrial contribution to filling
Innocent murmurs are systolic or diastolic and a grade __ or less in intensity occurring in the __of cardiac disease
Innocent murmurs are systolic or diastolic and a grade 3 or less in intensity occurring in the absence of cardiac disease
Systolic murmurs have regurgitate flow through the __ valve while diastolic have regurgitant flow through the __ valves.
Systolic murmurs have regurgitate flow through the AV valve while diastolic have regurgitant flow through the semilunar valves.
Systolic murmurs (mitral and tricuspid) occur in the __ part of the cardiac cycle while diastolic murmurs (aortic) occur in the __ part of the cycle
Systolic murmurs (mitral and tricuspid) occur in the shorter part of the cardiac cycle while diastolic murmurs (aortic) occur in the longer part of the cycle
Harsh murmur
Mitral valve deficiency
Musical murmur
Aortic regurgitation
honking murmur
Chordae tendinae rupture
Mitral regurgitation is a __ L sided __ murmur that is the most common cause of __ in horses. What are some complications that may happen overtime?
Mitral regurgitation is a common L sided systolic murmur that is the most common cause of CHF in horses.
Progressive left atrial enlargement may result in the development of a fib while left ventricular enlargement may result in ventricular ectopy and sudden cardiac death.
Aortic regurgitation is a __ sided __ murmur that is musical and a __ sound. Moderate to severe cases may result in cardiac __, AF, ventricular ectopy, or SCD. It commonly occurs as a result of __ related valve degeneration or prolapse
Aortic regurgitation is a left sided diastolic murmur that is musical and a divebombing sound. Moderate to severe cases may result in cardiac enlargement, AF, ventricular ectopy, or SCD. It commonly occurs as a result of age related valve degeneration or prolapse
Tricuspid regurgitation is a __ sided __ murmur that is common in equine athletes that may occur secondary to __ and __ disease or develop __ secondary to septic jugular thrombophlebitis
Tricuspid regurgitation is a right sided systolic murmur that is common in equine athletes that may occur secondary to pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease or develop endocarditis secondary to septic jugular thrombophlebitis
Congestive heart failure is a result of __ or secondary to __ or __. The notable clinical signs are __ intolerance, dependent __, and pronounced __.
Congestive heart failure is a result of vavular regurgitation or secondary to myocarditis or pericarditis. The notable clinical signs are exercise intolerance, dependent edema , and pronounced jugular pulses
What are the goals of valvular regurgitation?
- Decrease after load and cardiac work
- Slow the progression of cardiac chamber enlargement
- Improve cardiac contractility
Benazepril
Benazepril is an ACE inhibitor that decreases afterload (decrease systemic vascular resistance) improving systolic function and cardiac output.
Digoxin
Digoxin is a cardiac glycosides that reduces vasoconstriction, slows the heart rate and improves stroke volume. It’s a therapeutic drug so monitoring isn’t necessary
Diuretics
Diuretics reduce preload, and may slow the rate of cardiac chamber dilation
Torsemide is newer and and oral option
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the __ of the heart that will present with fever, weight loss, and an inflammatory leukogram with __ and __ along with concurrent __
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the endothelium of the heart that will present with fever, weight loss, and an inflammatory leukogram with hyperfibrinogenemia and hyperglobulinemia along with concurrent arrhythmias
What is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly?
VSD’s
PDA is a __ sided __ murmur that often changes to __ with age or closure. It’s not pathologic if it closes by __ days and blood flows from the __ to the __.
PDA is a left sided continuous murmur that often changes to systolic with age or closure. It’s not pathologic if it closes by 7days and blood flows from the aorta to the PA.
A ventricular septal defect results in pulmonary hypertension as a result of __ heart failure or primary lung disease may result in reversal of blood flow from the __ to the __ and clinical signs of __
A ventricular septal defect results in pulmonary hypertension as a result of L sided heart failure or primary lung disease may result in reversal of blood flow from the R to the L and clinical signs of cyanosis
What is the primary murmur of a ventricular septal defect?
Right sided systolic murmur
A restrictive VSD is less than __ cm and has a __ prognosis for athleticism
A restrictive VSD is less than 2.8 cm and has a good prognosis for athleticism
