Equine Back and Hindlimb Muscles

Question 1

What is the origin of the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?

Answer 1

Supraspinous ligament from T3 caudally via thoracolumbar fascia.

Question 2

What is the insertion of the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?

Answer 2

Teres major tuberosity.

Question 3

What is the function and Innervation of the Latissimus Dorsi muscle?

Answer 3

Shoulder flexion and Retracts limb. It Draws trunk cranially and the innervation is Thoracodorsal nerve.

Question 4

What is the origin of the Longissimus costarum?

Answer 4

Lumbar transverse processes and cranial rib borders

Question 5

What is the insertion of the Longissimus cosarum?

Answer 5

Angles of ribs 1-15 and transverse processes of C7.

Question 6

What is the function of the Longissimus costarum?

What is the innervation?

Answer 6

Stabilizes lumbar spine and ribs extends and laterally bends back. Allows Expiration.
The innervation is the Dorsal branch of local spinal nerve.

Question 7

What is the origin of Longissimus dorsi (lumborum, thoracis, cervicis, capitis et atlantis)?

Answer 7

Ilium, Spinous Processes of sacrum, lumbar and thoracic vertebrae. Transverse Processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae.

Question 8

What is the insertion of the Longissimus dorsi (lumborum, thoracis, cervicis, capitis et atlantis)?

Answer 8

Transverse Processes of vertebrae; tubercles of ribs; wing of atlas; mastoid process.

Question 9

What is the function and innervation of the Longissimus Dorsi?

Answer 9

Stabilises and extends back and allows for Lateral flexion. The innervation is the Dorsal branches of local spinal nerves.

Question 10

What is the Origin of the Spinalis: Thoracis &Cervicis?

Answer 10

Spinous Processes of lumbar vertebrae and last 6 thoracic vertebrae.

Question 11

What is the Insertion of the Spinalis: Thoracsis & Cervicis?

Answer 11

Spinous Processes of first 6-7 thoracic and last 5 cervical vertebrae.

Question 12

What is the function of the Spinalis Muscle?

What is the innervation?

Answer 12

Stabilises the neck and back; elevates the neck and bends it laterally.
Innervation is the Dorsal branch of local spinal nerves.

Question 13

What is the Origin of Scalenus: Medius & Ventralis?

Answer 13

First Rib

Question 14

What is the Insertion of the Scalenus: Medius & Ventralis?

Answer 14

Transverse Processes of C7; Transverse Processes of C4-6.

Question 15

What is the function of the Scalenus Muscle?

Answer 15

Flexes and bends the neck laterally; may assist in inspiration by elevating the first rib.

Question 16

What is the Scalenus Innervation?

Answer 16

Ventral branches of local spinal nerves.

Question 17

What is the origin of Multifidi: Cervicis, Thoracis and Lumborum?

Answer 17

Articular and mamillary processes of all vertebrae from C2 to the sacrum.

Question 18

What is the Insertion of the Multifidi: Cervicis, Thoracis and Lumborum?

Answer 18

Spinous Processes of preceding vertebrae.

Question 19

What is the function of the Multifidi?

Answer 19

Stabilises and twists the vertebrae and elevates the neck.

Question 20

What is the innervation of the Multifidi?

Answer 20

Dorsal branch of local spinal nerves.

Question 21

What is the origin/insertion of Sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis?

Answer 21

Between spinous and mamillary processes of the last 2-3 sacral and the first several caudal vertebrae.

Question 22

What is the function of Sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis?

Answer 22

Elevates the tail and blends it laterally.

Question 23

What is the innervation of the Sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis?

Answer 23

Dorsal branch of local spinal nerves.

Question 24

What is the origin of Sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis ?

Answer 24

Laterally on sacrum; TPS of the cranial and mamillary processes of the more caudal tail vertebrae.

Question 25

What is the insertion of Sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis?

Answer 25

By a tendon on the preceding vertebrae.

Question 26

What is the function and innervation of Sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis?

Answer 26

Elevates the tail and blends it laterally. Innervation is the Dorsal branch of local spinal nerves.

Question 27

What is the origin of Sacrocaudalis ventralis ?

Answer 27

Lateral part: ventral surface of the sacrum, TPs of the first few tail vertebrae Medial part: ventral surface of the tail vertebrae.

Question 28

What is the insertion of Sacrocaudalis ventralis?

Answer 28

With combined tendons on ventrolateral surface of tail vertebrae.

Question 29

What is the function of Sacrocaudalis ventralis? What is the innnervation?

Answer 29

Flexes tail and bends it laterally. Innervation is the Ventral branches of local spinal nerves.

Question 30

What is the origin of the Tensor fasciae latae?

Answer 30

Tuber Coxae.

Question 31

What is the innervation of the Tensor Fasciae Latae?

Answer 31

Via fascia lata on patella, lateral patella ligament, cranial border of tibia. With superficial gluteal on 3rd trochanter.

Question 32

What is the function of the Tensor Fasciae Latae?

Answer 32

Flexes hip, protracts hind limb, extends stifle tenses fascia lata.

Question 33

What is the innervation of the Tensor Fasciae Latae?

Answer 33

Cranial gluteal.

Question 34

What is the origin of the Gluteus medius?

Answer 34

Longissimus lumborum, ilium, sacrum, sacroiliac and sacrosciatic ligaments.

Question 35

What is the insertion of the Gluteus medius?

Answer 35

Greater trochanter.

Question 36

What is the function and innervation of the Gluteus medius?

Answer 36

Extends hip and Abducts leg. The innervation is the Cranial gluteal.

Question 37

What is the origin of the Gluteus superficialis?

Answer 37

Tuber coxae and gluteal fascia.

Question 38

What is the insertion of the Gluteus superficialis?

Answer 38

Third trochanter and fascia lata.

Question 39

What is the function and innervation of the Gluteus superficialis?

Answer 39

Hip flexion and hind limb protraction and abduction. The innervation is the Cranial and caudal gluteal.

Question 40

What is the origin of the Biceps femoris?

Answer 40

Spinous processes and transverse processes of Sa3-5. Sacrosciatic ligament, tail fascia and Tuber ischium.

Question 41

What is the insertion of the Biceps Femoris?

Answer 41

Lateral patella and lateral/mid patella ligaments, cranial tibia, crural fascia, tarsal tendon to calcaneus.

Question 42

What is the function of the Biceps Femoris?

Answer 42

Extends hip and stifle. Flexes stifle. Abducts limb Extends hock.

Question 43

What is the innervation of the Biceps Femoris?

Answer 43

Caudal gluteal and sciatic nerve.

Question 44

What is the origin of the Semitendinosus?

Answer 44

Sa5/ca1&2. Tail fascia, sacrosciatic ligament and Ventral tuber ischium.

Question 45

What is the insertion of the Semitendinosus?

Answer 45

Cranial border of tibia, crural fascia. Tarsal tendon.

Question 46

What is the function of the Semitendinosus?

Answer 46

Extends hip, stifle and hock in stance, Flexes the stifle when the limb is offloaded. Adducts limb.

Question 47

What is the innervation of the Semitendinosus?

Answer 47

Caudal gluteal and sciatic nerve.

Question 48

What is the origin of the Semimembranosus?

Answer 48

Ca1, sacrosciatic ligament. Tuber ischium.

Question 49

What is the insertion of the Semimembranosus?

Answer 49

Medial condyles of femur and tibia.

Question 50

What is the function of Semimembranosus?

Answer 50

Stance extends hip and stifle. Retracts, adducts and inward rotation.

Question 51

What is the innervation of Semimembranosus?

Answer 51

Caudal gluteal and sciatic nerve.

Question 52

What is the origin of the Rectus femoris?

Answer 52

Shaft of the ilium cranial to the acetabulum.

Question 53

What is the insertion of the Rectus femoris?

Answer 53

Intermediate patellar ligament to tibia.

Question 54

What is the function of the Rectus Femoris?

Answer 54

Hip flexion and stifle extension and stabilisation.

Question 55

What is the innervation of the Rectus Femoris?

Answer 55

Femoral nerve.

Question 56

What is the origin of Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, and Vastus intermedius?

Answer 56

Proximolateral femur, Proximomedial femur and Proximodorsal femur.

Question 57

What is the insertion of the Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, and Vastus intermedius?

Answer 57

Intermediate patellar ligament to tibia.

Question 58

What is the functions of Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, and Vastus intermedius?

Answer 58

Extends and stabilises stifle.

Question 59

What is the innervation of Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, and Vastus intermedius?

Answer 59

Femoral nerve.

Question 60

What is the origin of the Gastrocnemius?

Answer 60

Medial and lataral supracondyle tuberosities of the femur.

Question 61

What is the insertion of the Gastrocnemius?

Answer 61

Common calcaneal tendon.

Question 62

What is the function and innervation of the Gastrocnemius?

Answer 62

Extends hock and Flexes stifle. The innervation is the Tibial nerve.

Question 63

What is the origin of the Gracilis?

Answer 63

Pelvic symphysis.

Question 64

What is the insertion of the Gracilis?

Answer 64

Crural fascia, medial patella ligament and cranial tibia.

Question 65

What is the function and insertion of the Gracilis?

Answer 65

Adducts limb, extends stifle and innnervation is the Obturator Nerve.

Question 66

What is the origin of the Adductor?

Answer 66

Ventral surface of the pelvis; symphysial tendon.

Question 67

What is the insertion of the Adductor?

Answer 67

Caudal surface and medial epicondyle of the femur.

Question 68

What is the function and innervation of the Adductor?

Answer 68

Adducts and retracts hind limb. The innervation is the Obturator nerve.