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Haematology (MOD) > Equine anaemia > Flashcards

Equine anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

How does the PCV of cold blooded horses and ponies differ to TBs and hot-blooded horses?

A

Cold blooded, ponies = lower PCV (26-35%)

TB, hot blooded = higher PCV (35-45%)

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2
Q

What are some clinical signs expected from anaemia?

A 
Lack of O2: 
Tachypnoea
Tachycardia
Pallor
Exercise intolerance
Lethargy 
Weakness and collapse
Heart flow murmur
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3
Q

Why can anaemia lead to a heart flow murmur?

A

Decreased blood viscosity

Increased turbulence

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4
Q

How much blood is needed to be lost to go into hypovolaemic shock?

A

30%

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of hypovolaemic shock?

A 
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Hypothermia 
Pale/dry mms
Increased CRT
Weak pulse
Cold extremities
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6
Q

How can the amount of blood loss be estimated in horses?

A

Amount of buckets filled

Amount pouring in 30 seconds

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7
Q

What is the % of body weight that is blood volume? (Horses)

A

8%

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8
Q

How does a horse being overweight affect the % of BW that is blood volume?

A

Overweight horse, less % of BW is blood

<8%

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9
Q

In a 500kg horse, how many litres of blood is needed to go into hypovolaemic shock?

A

8% of BW = blood volume = 40L

30% needed for hypovolaemia = 12L

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10
Q

What clinical signs may accompany anaemia due to haemolysis in horses?

A

Fever
Icterus
Pigmenturia (yellow or red depending if intra/extravascular)

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11
Q

What clinical signs can signal chronic blood loss in horses?

A

Epistaxis
Haematuria
Melaena (rare as handgut fermenter)

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12
Q

The equine spleen acts as a reservoir for what blood components?

A

RBCs

Platelets (1/3 of total blood platelets in spleen)

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13
Q

What can increase the PCV of horses (non-pathological)?

A

Exercise

Excitement

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14
Q

What happens to horses during excitement that doesn’t happen in any other species?

A

Spleen contraction

reservoir of RBCs and platelets released

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15
Q

Describe the steps taken to diagnose anaemia in horses

A 
History 
Clinical exam
Acute or chronic 
External or internal blood loss
Clotting disorder?
Haemolysis?
Lab assessment - all blood tests, RBC morphology etc
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16
Q

How does the spleen mask blood loss for several hours post haemorrhage?

A

Contracts - releases stored RBCs and platelets

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17
Q

What compensatory mechanism for blood loss in horses involve the endocrine system?

A

Release of catecholamines
Cause vasoconstriction, increase cardiac output
ADH secreted - increases reabsorption of water from renal tubules and GIT

18
Q

What compensatory mechanisms does a horse use after blood loss?

A

Spleen injects stored RBCs into circulation
Catecholamines release causes increased vasoconstriction and CO
Fluid drawn from interstitium into plasma
Increased reabsorption of water in renal tubules and GI tract

19
Q

After a significant bleed in horses, when can the decreased total protein and decreased PCV be detected?

A 
TP = 4-6 hrs post injury
PCV = 12-24hrs post haemorrhage (when plasma volume expansion > splenic compensation)
20
Q

Reticulocytosis and polychromasia usually indicate regenerative anaemia. Are they seen in horses?

A

Rarely

21
Q

Small nuclear remnants are occasionally found in RBCs of horses. What are they called? Do they indicate erythropoiesis?

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

No - normal finding

22
Q

How can non-regenerative myeloid disorders be diagnosed in horses?

A

Bone marrow biopsy

23
Q

If haemolysis is intravascular, what colour would the plasma be?

A

Pink

24
Q

With haemolysis, how are total and indirect bilirubin concs affected?

A

Both elevated

25
Q

With haemolysis, there may be a neutrophilia and regenerative left shift. What is this due to?

A

Intense erythropoiesis

26
Q

What diagnostic tests should be included when suspecting haemolytic anaemia?

A

Blood smear
Urinalysis
Coomb’s test (test for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia)
Coggin’s test

27
Q

What is Coggin’s test used for?

A

Equine infectious anaemia (notifiable)

28
Q

How can acute blood loss anaemia be diagnosed?

A

History of recent haemorrhage
Clinical signs
Eventual development of anaemia

29
Q

What can cause acute blood loss anaemia in horses?

A 
Trauma/surgical wounds - most common (especially open castration)
Guttural pouch mycosis
Uterine/mesenteric artery
 rupture
Epistaxis
Tumours
Thoracic vessel rupture in race horse
30
Q

Coagulopathies such as DIC and thrombocytopenia are rare in horses. Is DIC inherited in horses?

A

No

Secondary to sepsis or severe systemic inflammation

31
Q

Why is chronic blood loss anaemia often initially undetected?

A

Bone marrow regenerates RBCs as they are lost
Anaemia only present once haemorrhage rate > erythropoiesis
Clinical signs hidden until PCV drops

32
Q

What can cause chronic blood loss anaemia in horses? Where does this usually occur?

A

GI tract

Parasites, neoplasia, ulceration, NSAID toxicosis

33
Q

Is haemolytic anaemia in horses only primary or secondary? If secondary, due to what?

A

Only secondary

Due to tumour, purulent infection, drugs, parasites, oxidant induced haemolytic anaemia

34
Q

What test is used to detect immune-mediated anaemia?

A

Coombs’ test

35
Q

What are the common causes of oxidant-induced haemolytic anaemia in horses?

A

Red maple leaf

Onions

36
Q

Is iron deficiency anaemia common in horse?

A

No - only if chronic blood loss

37
Q

What can cause non-regenerative anaemia in horses?

A

Bone marrow disorders
Anaemia of chronic disease
Folic acid deficiency on some medications

38
Q

Which deficiency can lead to non-regenerative anaemia in horses?

A

Folic acid deficiency

Due to some medications

39
Q

When may a blood transfusion be indicated in horses?

A

When O2 delivery is inadequate to survive

E.g. when >30% blood loss, hypovolaemic shock

40
Q

Why must you be careful when using colloids to treat hypovolaemic shock?

A

Colloids have long half life - can prevent clotting times

41
Q

What is the most common cause of anaemia in horses?

A

Blood loss

Haematology (MOD) (7 decks)

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