Equine 11th semester 2 Flashcards
Rhinitis in horse, reasons:
Strangles, satratoxicosis, smoke-, dust inhalation
Horse flu, fusariotoxicosis, gasterophilus larvae
Strangles, fumonisin toxicosis, hypoderma larvas
Strangles, satratoxicosis, smoke-, dust inhalation
Ethmoid haematoma:
Haematoma in region of nose or ethmoid, slow progression, nasal stridor, angiomatic tissue growth
Haematoma in sphenoid bone, unilateral nasal discharge, nervous symtoms
Haematoma in sphenoid bone, bilateral purulent nasal discharge, progressing in weeks
Haematoma in region of nose or ethmoid, slow progression, nasal stridor, angiomatic tissue growth
Maxillary sinusitis reasons in horse:
Rhinitis, trauma, sedentation of parasitic larvae
Strangles, purulent periodontitis, rhinitis
Infectious artheritis, gasterophilus, strangles
Strangles, purulent periodontitis, rhinitis
Yellow fat disease and steatosis treatment and prevention:
a) High energy/carbohydrate food, Se and E-vitamin replacement, analgesics
b) Liver protective therapy, glucose infusions, analgesics
c) Food rich in fibre, analgesics, spasmolytics, physiotherapy
a) High energy/carbohydrate food, Se and E-vitamin replacement, analgesics
Yellow fat disease and steatosis symptoms:
a) Muscle weakness, gradually slowing movement, SC oedema, painful movement of neck.
b) Skin discoloured into yellow; yellow, palpable, sensitive swellings on the head + neck
c) Muscle weakness, foal paralysis, painful movement of the head and neck, painful swellings on the neck
c) Muscle weakness, foal paralysis, painful movement of the head and neck, painful swellings on the neck
Maxillary sinusitis symptoms:
Nasal discharge on both sides which is haemorrhagic and purulent, facial deformation/pain, dyspnoe
Haemorrhagic discharge with debris on both sides during lowering of head, maxillary pain, salivation
Single side nasal discharge, region of maxillary pain, deformation
Single side nasal discharge, region of maxillary pain, deformation
Guttural pouch tympany causes:
Congenital, a plica salpingopharyngea hypertrophy, air-outflow blocked
Hereditary, plica nsopharyngealis immaturity, intense air inflow into guttural pouches
Tumescence of plica nasopharyngealis, consequence of strangles, hypertrophy of guttural pouches
Congenital, a plica salpingopharyngea hypertrophy, air-outflow blocked
Yellow fat disease and steatosis pathogenesis:
a) Fat degeneration and steatitis because of Fe- and E-vitamin deficiency, Fe- and/or Se- deficient nutrition, formation of glutathione-peroxidase decr
b) Lesions of adipocytes because of fatty acid peroxidases at the embryonic stage, Se or E-vitamin deficiency, food rich in peroxidases
c) In areas lacking Se, without Fe-replacement in case of dominance of oxiperoxidases: adipocytes degeneration and necrosis
b) Lesions of adipocytes because of fatty acid peroxidases at the embryonic stage, Se or E-vitamin deficiency, food rich in peroxidases
Guttural pouch tympany symtoms:
Ballooning/pain of region of guttural pouches, dyspnea, regurgitation
Ballooning, of region of guttural pouches, tympanic percussion sound, paroxysmal cough
Ballooning/palpation sensitivity of region of guttural pouches, incomplete dullness percussion sound, dysphagia
Ballooning, of region of guttural pouches, tympanic percussion sound, paroxysmal cough
Guttural pouch inflammation causes:
Infection through Wilson-duct, -with spread over, caused by anaerob bacteria
Infection through Stenon-tunnel, consequence of strangles, caused by mycotic disease
Infection through Eustachion tube, or with spread over, caused by bacteria or mycotic disease
Infection through Eustachion tube, or with spread over, caused by bacteria or mycotic disease
Yellow fat disease and steatosis horse :
a) Fat tissue discoloration, degeneration, and steatitis mainly in pony foals
b) Yellow discoloration of SC fat tissue in overfed horses. Icterus, swelling in the fat tissue.
c) In lg breed, fat horses. Yellow swellings in the skin, formation of increments, icterus
a) Fat tissue discoloration, degeneration, and steatitis mainly in pony foals
Hyperlipaemia of mares prevention and prognosis:
a) Suitable management and nutrition, avoid exercise during pregnancy. Reacts good to therapy.
b) Good nutrition during pregnancy, vitamin supplementation. It is mostly favourable without treatment.
c) Avoid fattening during pregnancy, avoid stress and predisposing diseases. Therapy is often ineffective, high death risk.
c) Avoid fattening during pregnancy, avoid stress and predisposing diseases. Therapy is often ineffective, high death risk.
Guttural pouch inflammation symptoms:
During lowering of head purulent nasal discharge, ballooning of region of parotis, complications of nervous system
Consistent, hemorrhagic, purulent nasal discharge, tumescence in the throat, extension of the head, head tilt, proprioceptional disorder
Single side nasal discharge, sore tumescence in the sulcus jugularis, swallowing disorder
During lowering of head purulent nasal discharge, ballooning of region of parotis, complications of nervous system
Hyperlipaemia of mares treatment:
a) Antispasmodic/sedatives, in case of colic: walking, high energy nutrition, infusion several times
b) Stall rest, 4h long drip infusion/Ringer solution + glucose, artificial nutrition, liver protective therapy
c) Gentle treatment, regular walking, glucose infusion several times, insulin, heparin
b) Stall rest, 4h long drip infusion/Ringer solution + glucose, artificial nutrition, liver protective therapy
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate symptoms:
Exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in necrotized condition via endoscope
Don’t cause exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in submaximal load via endoscope
Cause exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in submaximal load via endoscope
Cause exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in submaximal load via endoscope
Hyperlipaemia of mares symptoms:
a) Colic –> weakness, hepatocerebral syndrome, lipermic plasma
b) Colic, fever, icterus, weakness, disturbed plasma
c) Lack of appetite, diarrhea, icterus, nervous signs, bloody-disturbed plasma
a) Colic –> weakness, hepatocerebral syndrome, lipermic plasma
(Fra PPT: Depression, anorexia, colic, lethargy, abnormal gait, hepatoencephalopathy (coma), recumbency, death)
Tracheal collapse:
Disease of ponies
Congenital disease
In big horses
Disease of ponies
Hyperlipaemia of mares pathogenesis:
a) In draft mares, pregnancy, physical overload, malnutrition
b) Idiopathic disposition, low energy nutrition, in the last trimester of pregnancy, wasting disease
c) Breed disposition, pregnancy, obesity, stress, anorexia
c) Breed disposition, pregnancy, obesity, stress, anorexia
Laryngeal hemiplegia causes:
Idiopathic, common in carthorse, frequent occurrence in paryngo-laryngitis
Hereditary, in rhinopneumonitis, idiopathic distal axonopathy,
Hereditary in Arabian horses, n. vagus nucleus trauma, idiopathic
Hereditary, in rhinopneumonitis, idiopathic distal axonopathy,
Hyperlipaemia of mares occurrence:
a) Lipemic blood plasma is a symptom characteristic of a metabolic disease of Arabian mares, which occurs often after exercise
b) In this serious metabolic disease, that occurs mainly in mares before parturition, hyperlipaemia is the main symptom, blood triglyceride >5-6mmol/L
c) The around parturition often occurring lipidaemia is a symptom suggesting hepatopathy
b) In this serious metabolic disease, that occurs mainly in mares before parturition, hyperlipaemia is the main symptom, blood triglyceride >5-6mmol/L
Thrombophlebitis prevention in horse:
a) In case of several IV injections rotating, using correct IV catheter, heparin flush through the catheter
b) Compliance with the regulation of IV application, catheter sterilization/heparin, we do not ive tissue-irritant materials IV
c) Keep the asepsis, applicating tissue irritant material to the vein is allowed only when also use heparin, use vein needle as thin as possible
a) In case of several IV injections rotating, using correct IV catheter, heparin flush through the catheter
Laryngeal hemiplegia symptoms:
During inspiration beep sound-rattle, dyspnea, swallowing disorder
During expiration beep sound-rattle, expiration dyspnea, sore swelling of muscles of larynx
During inspiration stridor laryngis, fremitus laryngitis, barren larynx
During inspiration stridor laryngis, fremitus laryngitis, barren larynx
Thrombophlebitis therapy in horse:
a) Locally: ice packing, parenteral: prednisolone, ABs, operation: phlebotomy
b) Locally: iodine paste, parenteral: NSAID-drugs, ABs, operation, phlebotomy
c) Locally: prednisolone-paste, parenteral: heparin, ABs, operation: phlebotomy, transplantation from v. femoralis
c) Locally: prednisolone-paste, parenteral: heparin, ABs, operation: phlebotomy, transplantation from v. femoralis
Laryngeal hemiplegia diagnosis:
Endurance test, endoscope, “slap” test
Keeping horse stopped, US exam, endoscope
Endurance test, larynx x-ray, “slap” test
Endurance test, endoscope, “slap” test
Haemorrhagic purpura treatment:
a) NSAID treatment, transfusion, isotonic infusion, ABs
b) Glucocorticoid treatment, transfusion, infusion of glucose, heparin
c) Treatment of purulent process (abscess), dexamethasone, blood plasma IV, ABs to treat the original matter
c) Treatment of purulent process (abscess), dexamethasone, blood plasma IV, ABs to treat the original matter
First symptoms of haemorrhagic purpura, localisation:
a) Glottis, conjunctiva
b) Internal nasal wings, lips
c) Mucosa of the praeputium, outer genital organs
b) Internal nasal wings, lips
Laryngeal oedema causes:
Allergy, pneumony, bee-sting
Laryngitis, hemorrhagic purpura, insect-sting
Hemorrhagic purpura, laryngeal paralysis, lead poisoning
Laryngitis, hemorrhagic purpura, insect-sting
Haemorrhagic purpura symptoms:
a) Haemorrhages, haematomas, “elephant leg”, “hippo head”, hypovolaemia
b) Haemorrhages in the mucous membranes, skin oedema, oedema of the head, leg, ventral abdominal hypoproteinemia
c) Urticaria, haemorrhages, exsudation under the skin and in coelomae, hypovolaemic shock
b) Haemorrhages in the mucous membranes, skin oedema, oedema of the head, leg, ventral abdominal hypoproteinemia
Laryngeal oedema treatment
Prednisolone, laryngotomy, metronisazole
Laryngotomy, prednisolone, bromhexine inj
Prednisolone, tracheotomy, antihistamines
Prednisolone, tracheotomy, antihistamines
COPD diagnosis, complementary examination
TTL, atropine test, resp function exam, thorax x-ray
BAL-neutrophil %, atropine test, resp function exam, endoscopy
BAL and TTL-eosinophil %, thorax supersonic wave, lobelin test
BAL-neutrophil %, atropine test, resp function exam, endoscopy
COPD incidence:
In older, stalled horses, giving mouldy hay
In free keeping horses, in hard working horses
In hereditary dispositional foals or horses
In older, stalled horses, giving mouldy hay
Haemorrhagic purpura causes:
a) Immune complex production in chronic purulent processes –> immune-originated vasculitis –> plasma and blood outflow
b) Immune disease in horses after viral infections immune complex forming –> immune-originated vasculitis –> plasma and blood outflow
c) Autoimmune disease, immune complex formation –> vasculitis of autoimmune origin –> plasma and blood outflow
a) Immune complex production in chronic purulent processes –> immune-originated vasculitis –> plasma and blood outflow
Congenital coagulopathies in horses:
a) Haemophilia-A and –B, in stallions; von Willebrand disease: recessive inheritance, in mares
b) Haemophilia B: Belgian horses and ponies; von Willebrand disease: symptoms in elderly horses
c) Haemophilia-A: recessively inherited in stallions; von Willebrand-disease: recessively inherited, independent from sex
c) Haemophilia-A: recessively inherited in stallions; von Willebrand-disease: recessively inherited, independent from sex
COPD etiology:
Hereditary disposition, bacterial, viral bronchitis, race
Inspiration allergen (Micropolyspora faeni, Aspergillus spore), genetic predisposition
Allergic or bacterial resp disease hyperactivity
Inspiration allergen (Micropolyspora faeni, Aspergillus spore), genetic predisposition
Haemolytic syndrome of foals?
a) Destruction of the equine foetus, in 1-w posprandially weakness, haemolyticus icterus –> death
b) Immunogenetic origin, after colostral uptake, 1/2-3d postprandially, haemolysis, icterus
c) Blood type incompatibility destruction of the fetus in the uterus, icterus at birth, haemoglobinuria, unviability
b) Immunogenetic origin, after colostral uptake, 1/2-3d postprandially, haemolysis, icterus
Haemolytic anaemia causes in horses:
a) Infectious anaemia, babesiosis, leptospirosis, immune-/autoimmune processes
b) Infectious anaemia, leptospirosis, listeriosis, immune-/autoimmune processes
c) Infectious anaemia, horse plague, strangles, immune processes
a) Infectious anaemia, babesiosis, leptospirosis, immune-/autoimmune processes
Curative treatment of hypovolaemic shock in horses:
a) Perfusion, isotonic infusion 10-20 ml/ttkg/24h, dextran
b) 40-50ml hypertonic infusion/24h, perfusion
c) 40-60 ml/ttkg Ringer-liquor; fast infusion, dextran-liquor, plasma inf
c) 40-60 ml/ttkg Ringer-liquor; fast infusion, dextran-liquor, plasma inf
COPD pathogenesis:
Bronchitis –> pneumonia –> emphysema pulmonis
Rhinitis –> laryngitis –> bronchitis –> allergen inspiration –> emphysema pulmonis
Hypersensitivity –> neutrophils accumulating intraluminal –> intraluminal fibrosis –> emphysema
Hypersensitivity –> neutrophils accumulating intraluminal –> intraluminal fibrosis –> emphysema
Ethmoid hematoma/cause?
a) Traumatic injury of the ethmoid region (e.g. nasogastric tubing)
b) Secondary to hemostatic problems
c) Angiomatous tissue overgrowth
d) Neoplastic origin
c) Angiomatous tissue overgrowth
COPD 3rd grade CS:
Frequent, light cough, dyspnea, border of lings shifting 1-2 ICS
Humid cough, broken-wind groove, border of lungs shifting ½ ICS
Paroxysmal cough, doubled expiration, border of lungs shifting 1 ICS
Frequent, light cough, dyspnea, border of lings shifting 1-2 ICS
Blister beetle causes?
a) Intussusception, anaemia, hypokalaemia
b) Diarrhoea, haematuria, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcaemia
c) Diarrhoea, myocardial necrosis, hypochloraemia, hypermagnesemia
d) Gastric ulceration, oliguria, invagination
b) Diarrhoea, haematuria, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcaemia
COPD 4th grade CS:
Frequent paroxysmal cough, severe dyspnea, suffocating enlarged cardiac dullness
Frequent light cough, doubled expiration/broken-wing groove, border of lungs shifting back 2 ICS
Frequent aching cough, inspirational dyspnea
Frequent light cough, doubled expiration/broken-wing groove, border of lungs shifting back 2 ICS
COPD tx with glucocorticoids:
Inspiration glucocorticoids dispose to pododermatitis
The best is prednisolone PO
It is contraindicated to give them with bronchodilators
The best is prednisolone PO
Bronchodilators in horse
Clenbuterol, salmeterol, albuterol
Albuterol, atropine, bromhexine
Clenbuterol, acetylcysteine, dembrexine
Clenbuterol, salmeterol, albuterol
Blood-sucking lice in horses:
a) Haematopinus asini can cause anaemia in foals
b) Linognathus vituli causing anaemia and weakness
c) Hippobosca equienea; can cause anaemia in adult horses
a) Haematopinus asini can cause anaemia in foals
(Linognathus vituli – blood sucking lice of cattle
Hippobosca equienea – ikke en lice )
Chorioptes mange affects horses’?
a) Head
b) Limbs
c) Mane
d) Ventral abdomen
b) Limbs
Mucolytics for horses:
Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine
Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine
Terbutaline, celbuterol, dexamethasone
Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine
Acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema causes:
Allergic rxn, heavy physical strain, glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) poisoning
Autoimmune rxn, pulmonary aspiration, threadworm larvae
Trichostrongylosis, allergy, aflatoxin poisoning
Allergic rxn, heavy physical strain, glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) poisoning
Large strongyles may cause?
a) Thromboembolism
b) Chronic diarrhoea
c) Intussusceptions
d) Gastric ulceration
a) Thromboembolism
Acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema signs:
Incr resp effort, caudal shift of lung border, dull-tympanic percussion sound
Serious dyspnea, 1-3 rib spaces shift of the lung border, cyanosis
Quick fatigue, epistaxis, tympanic percussion sound
Serious dyspnea, 1-3 rib spaces shift of the lung border, cyanosis
Additional diagnostic methods in Equine hepatic diseases:
a) Ultrasound examination, Ultrasound guided biopsy
b) Ultrasound examination, ultrasound guided liver biopsy
c) Doppler ultrasound, radiography, diagnostic laparotomy
d) Creatinine clearance test, Bromsulphthalein, clearance test
b) Ultrasound examination, Ultrasound guided liver biopsy
Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage:
Epistaxis in English thoroughbreds, frequently returns, causes anaemia
Pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses, caseous necrosis of the lung’s lobe, exercise intolerance
Pulmonary hemorrhage after competition, recidivism, bleeding spontaneously stops
Pulmonary hemorrhage after competition, recidivism, bleeding spontaneously stops
General therapy in equine hepatic diseases?
a) Diet low in carbohydrates, vitamin B6, folic acid, lactulose
b) Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv, insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants
c) Diet low in lipids, insulin, heparin
d) Diet high in lipids, vitamin E
b) Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv, insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants
Bronchitis-pneumonia origin of viral infection:
EHV-1, equine influenza virus A, rhinovirus 2
Adenovirus A, equine reovirus A, equine arbovirus 1 and 2
Equine influenza virus 1 and 3, equine adenovirus, PI-B
EHV-1, equine influenza virus A, rhinovirus 2
Causes and features of Tyzzer-disease in horses?
a) Listeria monocytogenes-caused meningoenphalitis
b) Actinobacillus equulis infection, septicaemia in foals
c) Clostridium piliforme acute hepatitis in foals
d) Clostridium botulinum, hepatocencephalopathy in foals
c) Clostridium piliforme acute hepatitis in foals
Bacterial bronchitis pneumonia origin:
Bordetella pneumoniae equi, Streptococcus pneumoniae equi, Chlamydia bronchiseptica
Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus equi, Bordetella bronchiseptica
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae equi, Chlamydophila equi, Corynebacterium pyogenes
Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus equi, Bordetella bronchiseptica
Mycotic bronchitis pneumonia origin:
Pneumocystic carinii, Aspergillus species, Histoplasma equi
Coccidiodes equi, Pneumocystis carinii, Actinobaculum equi
Histoplasma capsulatum, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Coccidiodes immitis
Histoplasma capsulatum, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Coccidiodes immitis
General therapy in equine hepatitis diseases?
a) Diet low in carbohydrates, vitamin B, folic acid, lactulose
b) Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv., insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants
c) Diet low in lipids, insulin, heparin
d) Diet high in lipids, vitamin E
b) Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv., insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants
EGUS/clinical signs/foals/NOT true?
a) Diarrhoea
b) Salivation
c) Colic
d) Fever
d) Fever
Neonatal pharyngeal weakness/foal?
a) Clinical signs: milky nasal discharge, bruxism, fever
b) Physiologic up to 2-4 weeks of age
c) Treatment with calcium
d) Treatment with antibiotics and NSAIDs
b) Physiologic up to 2-4 weeks of age
Glucocorticoids for horses (in RAO/COPD)?
a) Beclometazon, triameinolone, fluticazon
b) Bromhexine, dembrexine, dobutrex
c) Albuterol, clenbuterol, salmeterol
d) Atropine, ipratropium bromide, scopolamine bromide
a) Beclometazon, triameinolone, fluticazon
Bronchopneumonia characteristics:
Catarrhal style, bacterial origin, lobular extent
Catarrhal-purulent, bacterial origin, interstitial
Effusion, bacterial origin, interstitial
Catarrhal style, bacterial origin, lobular extent
Secretolytics for horses?
a) Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine
b) Terbutaline, imodium
c) Terbutaline, clenbuterol
d) Acetylcysteine, bromhexine
d) Acetylcysteine, bromhexine
Viral pneumonia characteristics:
Lobular –> interstitial, hepatic character, becoming chronic
Interstitial fibrosis and/or secondary bacterial infection –> hypoxia, acidosis
Interstitial fibrosis and/or secondary bacterial infection –> hypoxia, acidosis
COPD (RAO)/Drugs/Horse?
a) Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon
b) Albuterol, ipratropium, trilostane
c) Salmeterol, aminofillin, edrophonium
d) Antihistamines, aspirin
a) Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon
Croupous pneumonia stages:
Yellow hepatisation –> grey hepatisation –> resolution
Fibrinous –> haemorrhagic –> hepatisation –> crisis
Hyperaemia –> hepatisation –> resolution ?
Fibrinous –> haemorrhagic –> hepatisation –> crisis
EIPH/ horse/ therapy:
a) Furosemide
b) Antibiotics
c) Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs
d) Glucocorticoids
e) Vitamin C
a) Furosemide
Gangrenous pneumonia pathogenesis:
Aspiration, putrid bronchitis –> lung cavities –> septicaemia
Pneumonia crouposa, exsudate –> putrid bacteria
Metastasis or transmission; purulent localization in the lungs –> infection with protease bacteria
Aspiration, putrid bronchitis –> lung cavities –> septicaemia
Intestinal motilisers for horses (prokinetics):
a) Flunixin meglumine, metoclopromaide
b) Neostigmine, lidocaine
c) Xylazine, neostigmine
d) Morphine, neostigmine, lidocaine
b) Neostigmine, lidocaine
(IV lidocaine is used in the treatment of postoperative ileus in people and has been shown to be useful in treating ileus and proximal duodenitis-jejunitis in horses. ;Metoclopromaide is also a prokinetic drug )
Atropine toxicosis/horse/treatment?
a) Pilocarpine
b) Physostigmine
c) nMetoclopramide
d) Lidocaine
b) Physostigmine
Purulent pneumonia CS:
Languor, serous-purulent nasal discharge, dullness with horizontal upper border by percussion, dyspnea
Weakness, purulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, whistling-wheezing resp sounds
Fever, bloody-frothy nasal discharge, dyspnea, dry cough, wide dullness
Weakness, purulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, whistling-wheezing resp sounds
Atrial fibrillation in horses treatment:
a) Quinidine sulphate
b) Procainamide
c) Lidocaine
a) Quinidine sulphate
(Or Quinidine-gluconate )
Secretolytics for horses?
a) Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine
b) Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine
c) Terbutaline, clenbuterol, dexamethasone
d) Clenbuterol, albuterol, dembrexine
b) Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine
Croupous pneumonia CS:
Peracute, racking cough, by mobbing stronger dyspnea, dullness with horizontal upper border, course within 1w
Course in 2-3w, freq becomes chronic, serous nasal discharge, dullness, catarrhal resp sounds
Acute course: 2w, high fever, serosanguinous nasal discharge, wide dullness, dyspnea/cyanosis
Acute course: 2w, high fever, serosanguinous nasal discharge, wide dullness, dyspnea/cyanosis
Gangrenous pneumonia CS
Within days fast general health decay –> death, malodorous-putrid breath, smelly nasal discharge, dyspnea
Course in 1-2w –> freq death, bloody-purulent nasal discharge, rapid, often cough, splashing sounds in the dullness area
Typically insp dyspnea, wide dullness, catarrhal resp sounds, long recovery
Within days fast general health decay –> death, malodorous-putrid breath, smelly nasal discharge, dyspnea
Photosensitisation/which statement is not true?
a) Hypericum perforation (st. johns wort) causes primary photosensitization
b) Fagopyrum esculentum & lupinus albus cause secondary photosensitisation
c) Hepatogenous photosensitisation is characterised by phylloerythrin accumulation
d) The colchicine does not cause photosensitization
b) Fagopyrum esculentum & lupinus albus cause secondary photosensitisation
(They cause primary, not secondary!!)
Aspiration pneumonia – localization of the dullness and resp sounds:
Lower third of the chest, region of the cardiac basis
Caudal third of lungs, where the ventilation is bad
Craniodorsal part of the lungs
Lower third of the chest, region of the cardiac basis
Etiology of secondary photodermatitis in horses?
a) Uptake of photosensibilizing plants
b) Accumulation of phylloerythrin caused by hepatic insufficiency
c) Retention of photosensibilizing substances because of renal failure
d) Contact dermatitis caused by pasture plants phylloerythrin
b) Accumulation of phylloerythrin (from chlorophyll) caused by hepatic insufficiency
Pleuropneumonia aerobic bacteria:
Streptococcus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma equi, Actinobacilus multiformis
Bacteroides fragilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, fusobacterium
Streptococcus equi, pasteurella, Actinobacillus equi
Streptococcus equi, pasteurella, Actinobacillus equi
Characteristics of urticaria in horses?
a) Can be caused by inhaled allergens (fungi), rounded wheals on the skin within minutes or hours. Usually fast healing, but it might reoccur
b) Can be caused by inhaled allergens (dust), rounded wheals on the skin within days. Always fast healing
c) Can be caused by fodder (e.g. oat), rounded wheals on the skin always together with small bleedings of mucosa membranes (nose, mouth)
d) Caused by nettle plant, allergic reaction with pruritus and alopecia, rapid regeneration
a) Can be caused by inhaled allergens (fungi), rounded wheals on the skin within minutes or hours. Usually fast healing, but it might reoccur
Pleuropneumonia anaerobic bacteria
Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium sp., fusobacterium
Klebsiella equi, Fusobacterium virilise, Mycoplasma felis
Actinobacillus pneumonia, Clostridium multifactoralis, Bacteroides pleuropneumoniae
Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium sp., fusobacterium
Which statement describes sycosis horses?
a) Folliculitis on the back due to the untended saddle
b) Folliculitis long hair follicles on the hock, dorsal margin of the neck, root of the tail
c) Painful pustulous skin disease appearing on the skin of neck, back due to poor handling
b) Folliculitis long hair follicles on the hock, dorsal margin of the neck, root of the tail
Pleuropneumonia CS:
Whistling and wheezing resp sounds, cardiac dullness, discharge of transudate
Dullness with horizontal uppor border by percussion, no respiration, by puncture: exsudation
Discharge of inflammatory exsudate, loud catarrhal resp sounds, chest oedema
Dullness with horizontal uppor border by percussion, no respiration, by puncture: exsudation
Severe acute nephrosis/combined aetiology/horse?
a) Endotoxaemia + repeated flunixin meglumine + dehydration
b) Endotoxinaemia + repeated flunixin meglumine + overdosed HAES-infusion
c) Repeated flunixin meglumine + NSAID + cephalosporins
d) Clostridium botulinum toxin + repeated furosemide infections
a) Endotoxaemia + repeated flunixin meglumine + dehydration
Pleuropneumonia treatment:
Thoracocentesis, dexamethasone, sulfadimidine, aminophylline
Thoracocentesis, bromhexin, prednisolone, gentamicin
Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin-meglumide, lowering of the pleural exsudate
Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin-meglumide, lowering of the pleural exsudate
Plants and drugs causing nephrosis acuta:
a) Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, tetracyclines, gentamicin, levamisole
b) Fumonisin, aflatoxin, plants rich in oxalate, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins
c) Mycotoxins, plants rich in oxalate, aminoglycosides, monensin
c) Mycotoxins, plants rich in oxalate, aminoglycosides, monensin
Equine pneumonia/treatment/antibacterial drugs:
Ampicillin, lincomycin, metronidazole
Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole
Clindamycin, metronidazole, neomycin
Erythromycin, clarithromycin, amphotericin
Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole
COPD (RAO)/ Bronchoalveolar lavage sample:
Neutrophils <2%, eosinophils >2%
Mast cells >20%
Eosinophils >2%, neutrophils >5%
Neutrophils >20%
Neutrophils >20%
Equine pneumonia/treatment/antibacterial drugs?
Ampicillin, lincomycin, metronidazole
Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole
Clindamycin, metronidazole, neomycin
Erythromycin, clarithromycin, amphotericin
Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole
Causes of nephrotoxicosis from drugs or chemicals
a) Gentamicin, hemoglobin/myoglobin, heavy metals
b) Aminoglycosides, glucocorticoids, Pb, Hg, Se
c) Cephalosporins, NSAID’s, aflatoxin
a) Gentamicin, hemoglobin/myoglobin, heavy metals
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia/ Diagnosis:
Auscultation, “slap” test
Occlusion of the nostrils; US exam of the larynx; radiographic examination of the larynx
Endoscopy, palpation, “slap” test
Computed tomography, endoscopy
Endoscopy, palpation, “slap” test
Causes of vitamin nephropathy
a) Calciferol, riboflavine, menadion, nikotinacid
b) Menadion-natrium, ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol
c) Tocoferol, menadion-natrium, calciferol
b) Menadion-natrium, ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol
COPD(RAO)/Which statement is NOT true/horse?
Occasionally mild radiographic changes in the lungs: interstitial, bronchial, peribronchial pattern
Usually severe radiographic changes in the lungs: fibrosis, chronic oedema
Thoracic radiography mainly serves for differential diagnostic purposes
Bronchectasia and increased air content sometimes visible on chest x-ray
Usually severe radiographic changes in the lungs: fibrosis, chronic oedema
Tracheal collapse in horses/occurence:
English thoroughbred horses
Large, jumping horses
Ponies, miniature horses
Large, draft horses
Ponies, miniature horses
Renal infarct CS:
a) Deterioration of hematuria, colic, renal failure
b) Serious hematuria – shock – bleeding out
c) Sudden occurrence of large amount of urine, enlarged kidneys
c) Sudden occurrence of large amount of urine, enlarged kidneys
(Clinical signs fra PPT:
- acute haematuria
- dullness
- anaemia (fatal bleeding rare)
- rectal findings: enlarged kidney, fremitus renal artery)
Aspiration pneumonia/localisation of dullness and abnormal respiratory sounds/horse?
Lower third of the thorax, over the heart base
The caudal third of the lungs, because of poor ventilation in this region
Craniodorsal part of the lungs
Caudodrosal lung quadrant
Lower third of the thorax, over the heart base
How can we treat pleuropneumonia in horses?
Thoracocentesis, dexamethasone, sulfadimidin, aminophylline
Thoracocentesis, bromhexin, prednisolone, gentamycin
Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin, meglumin, thoracic drainage
Thoracotomy, dexamethason, bromhexine
Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin, meglumin, thoracic drainage
COPD (RAO)/Drugs/Horse:
Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon
Albuterol, ipratropium, trilostane
Salmeterol, aminofillin, edrophonium
Antihistamines, aspirin
Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon
Caudal shift of the caudal lung border. It is characteristic for?
EGME
RAO
ELE(M)
FLUTTTD
RAO
Cause of renal infarction:
a) Large necrosis, hemophilic area in cortex of kidney, embolia renalis, migration of Strongylus vulgaris 0 thrombosis – embolia
b) Circumscribed infarct with hemorrhagic area in kidney, embola in arteria renalis, migration of Strongylus vulgaris – thrombosis – embolia
b) Circumscribed infarct with hemorrhagic area in kidney, embola in arteria renalis, migration of Strongylus vulgaris – thrombosis – embolia
Bronchitis-pneumonia/Etiology/Obligate pathogenic viruses/Horse:
Equine herpesvirus-1 and 4, equine influenza virus-A, african horse sickness virus
Equine adenovirus, equine reovirus-1 and 3, african horse sickness virus
Equine herpesvirus-2, equine adenovirus, parainfluenza virus-3
Rhinovirus, herpesvirus, coronavirus
Equine herpesvirus-1 and 4, equine influenza virus-A, african horse sickness virus
Physical properties of horse urine:
a) Mucous containing mucin, muddy, rich in Ca-carbonate
b) Streams easily, contains mucin, translucid, contains Mg-P
c) Streams with difficulty, contains protein, translucid, contains Ca-Oxalate
a) Mucous containing mucin, muddy, rich in Ca-carbonate
COPD (RAO) common occurrence:
a) In older horses kept in stables and getting mouldy hay
b) In horses kept on pasture and in horses performing hard exercise
c) In young foals after chronic respiratory infection
d) Most common in thoroughbreds, trotters and younger sport horses
a) In older horses kept in stables and getting mouldy hay
Pathophysiology of post-exercise myopathy (myoglobinuria paralytica)/Horse?
a) Muscular-glycogen ↑ -> local lactic acid ↑ -> vasoconstriction due to hypoxaemia -> Zenker type myopathy -> muscular-paralysis + myoglobinuria
b) Hypoxia -> anaerobe glycolysis ↑-> local lactic acid ↑ -> myonecrosis -> + myoglobinuria + tubulonephrosis
c) Hypoxia -> anaerobe glycolysis ↑ -> local lactic acid ↑ -> Zenker type myopathy -> + myoglobinuria + immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
b) Hypoxia -> anaerobe glycolysis ↑-> local lactic acid ↑ -> myonecrosis -> + myoglobinuria + tubulonephrosis
Bronchodilators for horses:
Ioperamid, albuterol, aminophylline (teophylline)
Albuterol, dimethyl-sulfoxide, bromhexin
Salbutanol, acetylcysteine, dembrexin
Clenbuterol, albuterol, aminophylline (theophylline)
Clenbuterol, albuterol, aminophylline (theophylline)
COPD (RAO):
Allergic Disease
Chronic fungal infection
Chronic bacterial infection
Chronic viral infection
Allergic Disease
Rhabdomyolytic myoglobinuria in horses:
Disease with paralysis like locomotion disorder and myoglobinuria of untrained cold- blooded due to an extremely heavy work
Disease with paralysis like locomotion disorder and myoglobinuria of continuously working cold-blooded horse
Disease with paralysis like locomotion disorder and myoglobinuria of untrained racer due to an extremely heavy and uncommon exercise
Disease with paralysis like locomotion disorder and myoglobinuria of continuously working cold-blooded horse
Muscular degeneration (myalgia) symptoms in horse
a) Claudication, drop with comedown, hobbyhorse attitude
b) Racehorses with hard loading without training, after transport, inherited individual sensibility
c) Breast-, loins-, thigh muscular to be swollen and to be stiff, serious and irreversible lameness, renal failure
a or b???
Muscular degeneration (myalgia) incidence in horse (tying up?)
a) Racehorse under hard/drastic load, stress, individual sensibility?
b) Racehorses with hard loading without training, after transport, inherited individual sensibility
c) Syndrome under horse transportation or racing, it’s familiar in studs, the individual sensibility has a big lead in it
??
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition what to do?
a) Try to rig up the recumbent horse to put up to walk, give it vitamin B, blood-letting
b) Transfer the recumbent horse to its equerry and place it to a hammock, abet the healing with blood-letting and vit B inj
c) Immediately terminate the work, grooming, give it NaHCO3, flunixin-meglumide, if a horse cannot stand up, it has a big change to die
c) Immediately terminate the work, grooming, give it NaHCO3, flunixin-meglumide, if a horse cannot stand up, it has a big change to die
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition prevention
a) During rest days be aware of changing the feed, ensure the calm of the resting horse, gradual increase of the forage portion
b) Half forage portion under rest days, ducting, after first interception humane loading?
c) During rest days vitamin B supplement, be aware that the horses are under calm condition in their equerry, they have limitations under hard work in the first day
c) During rest days vitamin B supplement, be aware that the horses are under calm condition in their equerry, they have limitations under hard work in the first day
(PPT: Prevention: when resting – energy decrease, slight movement, gradual working after resting )
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition pathogenesis:
2-3d rest in strong well-fed horses, then hard work within transition
1 week rest in well-fed horses, then hard work within transition
In undernourished, yoke horses, for the sake of grim-hard work
2-3d rest in strong well-fed horses, then hard work within transition
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition effects
a) Muscular atrophy, lameness, recumbency –> death
b) Claudication, debilitation, renal failure
c) Atrophic muscular slow degeneration, claudication, myocardosis
a) Muscular atrophy, lameness, recumbency –> death ?
(PPT: Outcome: recovery, muscular atrophy or recumbency -> death)
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition symptoms:@
a) After the first interception within 2-3h: lameness, wobbly, drop down, rump muscular bulge, saw-horse position, brown-ruddy urine
b) After the first interception within 2-3h: serious lameness, wobbly, downfall, rump muscular bulge, pasty delicate muscular, brown ruddy urine
c) Normal walk, wobbly, downfall, rump muscular bulge, compact rubber delicate muscle, brown-ruddy urine
c) Normal walk, wobbly, downfall, rump muscular bulge, compact rubber delicate muscle, brown-ruddy urine
Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition pathogenesis:
Muscular-glycogen incr –> local lactic acid incr + hypoxemia –> muscular contraction incr –> zenker muscular paralysis + myoglobinuria
Hypoxia –> muscular glycogen decoupling incr –> local lactic acid incr –> Zenker- muscular necrosis –> paralysis + myoglobinuria
Muscular glycogen synthesis incr –> lactic acid decroupling incr + hypoxemia –> muscular contraction decr –> muscular bulge –> Zenker muscular paralysis + myoglobinuria
The medial aspect of the stifle joint is easily recognisable in this way:
● The medial eminence of the tibia is larger
● The medial eminence of the tibia is smaller
● The fibula is on the medial aspect
● The radius is placed laterally
