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Equine 11th semester 2 > Equine 11th semester 2 > Flashcards

Equine 11th semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Rhinitis in horse, reasons:

Strangles, satratoxicosis, smoke-, dust inhalation

Horse flu, fusariotoxicosis, gasterophilus larvae

Strangles, fumonisin toxicosis, hypoderma larvas

A

Strangles, satratoxicosis, smoke-, dust inhalation

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2
Q

Ethmoid haematoma:

Haematoma in region of nose or ethmoid, slow progression, nasal stridor, angiomatic tissue growth

Haematoma in sphenoid bone, unilateral nasal discharge, nervous symtoms

Haematoma in sphenoid bone, bilateral purulent nasal discharge, progressing in weeks

A

Haematoma in region of nose or ethmoid, slow progression, nasal stridor, angiomatic tissue growth

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3
Q

Maxillary sinusitis reasons in horse:

Rhinitis, trauma, sedentation of parasitic larvae

Strangles, purulent periodontitis, rhinitis

Infectious artheritis, gasterophilus, strangles

A

Strangles, purulent periodontitis, rhinitis

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4
Q

Yellow fat disease and steatosis treatment and prevention:

a) High energy/carbohydrate food, Se and E-vitamin replacement, analgesics

b) Liver protective therapy, glucose infusions, analgesics

c) Food rich in fibre, analgesics, spasmolytics, physiotherapy

A

a) High energy/carbohydrate food, Se and E-vitamin replacement, analgesics

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5
Q

Yellow fat disease and steatosis symptoms:

a) Muscle weakness, gradually slowing movement, SC oedema, painful movement of neck.

b) Skin discoloured into yellow; yellow, palpable, sensitive swellings on the head + neck

c) Muscle weakness, foal paralysis, painful movement of the head and neck, painful swellings on the neck

A

c) Muscle weakness, foal paralysis, painful movement of the head and neck, painful swellings on the neck

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6
Q

Maxillary sinusitis symptoms:

Nasal discharge on both sides which is haemorrhagic and purulent, facial deformation/pain, dyspnoe

Haemorrhagic discharge with debris on both sides during lowering of head, maxillary pain, salivation

Single side nasal discharge, region of maxillary pain, deformation

A

Single side nasal discharge, region of maxillary pain, deformation

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7
Q

Guttural pouch tympany causes:

Congenital, a plica salpingopharyngea hypertrophy, air-outflow blocked

Hereditary, plica nsopharyngealis immaturity, intense air inflow into guttural pouches

Tumescence of plica nasopharyngealis, consequence of strangles, hypertrophy of guttural pouches

A

Congenital, a plica salpingopharyngea hypertrophy, air-outflow blocked

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8
Q

Yellow fat disease and steatosis pathogenesis:

a) Fat degeneration and steatitis because of Fe- and E-vitamin deficiency, Fe- and/or Se- deficient nutrition, formation of glutathione-peroxidase decr

b) Lesions of adipocytes because of fatty acid peroxidases at the embryonic stage, Se or E-vitamin deficiency, food rich in peroxidases

c) In areas lacking Se, without Fe-replacement in case of dominance of oxiperoxidases: adipocytes degeneration and necrosis

A

b) Lesions of adipocytes because of fatty acid peroxidases at the embryonic stage, Se or E-vitamin deficiency, food rich in peroxidases

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9
Q

Guttural pouch tympany symtoms:

Ballooning/pain of region of guttural pouches, dyspnea, regurgitation

Ballooning, of region of guttural pouches, tympanic percussion sound, paroxysmal cough

Ballooning/palpation sensitivity of region of guttural pouches, incomplete dullness percussion sound, dysphagia

A

Ballooning, of region of guttural pouches, tympanic percussion sound, paroxysmal cough

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10
Q

Guttural pouch inflammation causes:

Infection through Wilson-duct, -with spread over, caused by anaerob bacteria

Infection through Stenon-tunnel, consequence of strangles, caused by mycotic disease

Infection through Eustachion tube, or with spread over, caused by bacteria or mycotic disease

A

Infection through Eustachion tube, or with spread over, caused by bacteria or mycotic disease

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11
Q

Yellow fat disease and steatosis horse :

a) Fat tissue discoloration, degeneration, and steatitis mainly in pony foals

b) Yellow discoloration of SC fat tissue in overfed horses. Icterus, swelling in the fat tissue.

c) In lg breed, fat horses. Yellow swellings in the skin, formation of increments, icterus

A

a) Fat tissue discoloration, degeneration, and steatitis mainly in pony foals

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12
Q

Hyperlipaemia of mares prevention and prognosis:

a) Suitable management and nutrition, avoid exercise during pregnancy. Reacts good to therapy.

b) Good nutrition during pregnancy, vitamin supplementation. It is mostly favourable without treatment.

c) Avoid fattening during pregnancy, avoid stress and predisposing diseases. Therapy is often ineffective, high death risk.

A

c) Avoid fattening during pregnancy, avoid stress and predisposing diseases. Therapy is often ineffective, high death risk.

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13
Q

Guttural pouch inflammation symptoms:

During lowering of head purulent nasal discharge, ballooning of region of parotis, complications of nervous system

Consistent, hemorrhagic, purulent nasal discharge, tumescence in the throat, extension of the head, head tilt, proprioceptional disorder

Single side nasal discharge, sore tumescence in the sulcus jugularis, swallowing disorder

A

During lowering of head purulent nasal discharge, ballooning of region of parotis, complications of nervous system

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14
Q

Hyperlipaemia of mares treatment:

a) Antispasmodic/sedatives, in case of colic: walking, high energy nutrition, infusion several times

b) Stall rest, 4h long drip infusion/Ringer solution + glucose, artificial nutrition, liver protective therapy

c) Gentle treatment, regular walking, glucose infusion several times, insulin, heparin

A

b) Stall rest, 4h long drip infusion/Ringer solution + glucose, artificial nutrition, liver protective therapy

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15
Q

Dorsal displacement of the soft palate symptoms:

Exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in necrotized condition via endoscope

Don’t cause exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in submaximal load via endoscope

Cause exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in submaximal load via endoscope

A

Cause exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in submaximal load via endoscope

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16
Q

Hyperlipaemia of mares symptoms:

a) Colic –> weakness, hepatocerebral syndrome, lipermic plasma

b) Colic, fever, icterus, weakness, disturbed plasma

c) Lack of appetite, diarrhea, icterus, nervous signs, bloody-disturbed plasma

A

a) Colic –> weakness, hepatocerebral syndrome, lipermic plasma

(Fra PPT: Depression, anorexia, colic, lethargy, abnormal gait, hepatoencephalopathy (coma), recumbency, death)

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17
Q

Tracheal collapse:

Disease of ponies

Congenital disease

In big horses

A

Disease of ponies

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18
Q

Hyperlipaemia of mares pathogenesis:

a) In draft mares, pregnancy, physical overload, malnutrition

b) Idiopathic disposition, low energy nutrition, in the last trimester of pregnancy, wasting disease

c) Breed disposition, pregnancy, obesity, stress, anorexia

A

c) Breed disposition, pregnancy, obesity, stress, anorexia

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19
Q

Laryngeal hemiplegia causes:

Idiopathic, common in carthorse, frequent occurrence in paryngo-laryngitis

Hereditary, in rhinopneumonitis, idiopathic distal axonopathy,

Hereditary in Arabian horses, n. vagus nucleus trauma, idiopathic

A

Hereditary, in rhinopneumonitis, idiopathic distal axonopathy,

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20
Q

Hyperlipaemia of mares occurrence:

a) Lipemic blood plasma is a symptom characteristic of a metabolic disease of Arabian mares, which occurs often after exercise

b) In this serious metabolic disease, that occurs mainly in mares before parturition, hyperlipaemia is the main symptom, blood triglyceride >5-6mmol/L

c) The around parturition often occurring lipidaemia is a symptom suggesting hepatopathy

A

b) In this serious metabolic disease, that occurs mainly in mares before parturition, hyperlipaemia is the main symptom, blood triglyceride >5-6mmol/L

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21
Q

Thrombophlebitis prevention in horse:

a) In case of several IV injections rotating, using correct IV catheter, heparin flush through the catheter

b) Compliance with the regulation of IV application, catheter sterilization/heparin, we do not ive tissue-irritant materials IV

c) Keep the asepsis, applicating tissue irritant material to the vein is allowed only when also use heparin, use vein needle as thin as possible

A

a) In case of several IV injections rotating, using correct IV catheter, heparin flush through the catheter

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22
Q

Laryngeal hemiplegia symptoms:

During inspiration beep sound-rattle, dyspnea, swallowing disorder

During expiration beep sound-rattle, expiration dyspnea, sore swelling of muscles of larynx

During inspiration stridor laryngis, fremitus laryngitis, barren larynx

A

During inspiration stridor laryngis, fremitus laryngitis, barren larynx

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23
Q

Thrombophlebitis therapy in horse:

a) Locally: ice packing, parenteral: prednisolone, ABs, operation: phlebotomy

b) Locally: iodine paste, parenteral: NSAID-drugs, ABs, operation, phlebotomy

c) Locally: prednisolone-paste, parenteral: heparin, ABs, operation: phlebotomy, transplantation from v. femoralis

A

c) Locally: prednisolone-paste, parenteral: heparin, ABs, operation: phlebotomy, transplantation from v. femoralis

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24
Q

Laryngeal hemiplegia diagnosis:

Endurance test, endoscope, “slap” test

Keeping horse stopped, US exam, endoscope

Endurance test, larynx x-ray, “slap” test

A

Endurance test, endoscope, “slap” test

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25
Q

Haemorrhagic purpura treatment:

a) NSAID treatment, transfusion, isotonic infusion, ABs

b) Glucocorticoid treatment, transfusion, infusion of glucose, heparin

c) Treatment of purulent process (abscess), dexamethasone, blood plasma IV, ABs to treat the original matter

A

c) Treatment of purulent process (abscess), dexamethasone, blood plasma IV, ABs to treat the original matter

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26
Q

First symptoms of haemorrhagic purpura, localisation:

a) Glottis, conjunctiva

b) Internal nasal wings, lips

c) Mucosa of the praeputium, outer genital organs

A

b) Internal nasal wings, lips

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27
Q

Laryngeal oedema causes:

Allergy, pneumony, bee-sting

Laryngitis, hemorrhagic purpura, insect-sting

Hemorrhagic purpura, laryngeal paralysis, lead poisoning

A

Laryngitis, hemorrhagic purpura, insect-sting

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28
Q

Haemorrhagic purpura symptoms:

a) Haemorrhages, haematomas, “elephant leg”, “hippo head”, hypovolaemia

b) Haemorrhages in the mucous membranes, skin oedema, oedema of the head, leg, ventral abdominal hypoproteinemia

c) Urticaria, haemorrhages, exsudation under the skin and in coelomae, hypovolaemic shock

A

b) Haemorrhages in the mucous membranes, skin oedema, oedema of the head, leg, ventral abdominal hypoproteinemia

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29
Q

Laryngeal oedema treatment

Prednisolone, laryngotomy, metronisazole

Laryngotomy, prednisolone, bromhexine inj

Prednisolone, tracheotomy, antihistamines

A

Prednisolone, tracheotomy, antihistamines

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30
Q

COPD diagnosis, complementary examination

TTL, atropine test, resp function exam, thorax x-ray

BAL-neutrophil %, atropine test, resp function exam, endoscopy

BAL and TTL-eosinophil %, thorax supersonic wave, lobelin test

A

BAL-neutrophil %, atropine test, resp function exam, endoscopy

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31
Q

COPD incidence:

In older, stalled horses, giving mouldy hay

In free keeping horses, in hard working horses

In hereditary dispositional foals or horses

A

In older, stalled horses, giving mouldy hay

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32
Q

Haemorrhagic purpura causes:

a) Immune complex production in chronic purulent processes –> immune-originated vasculitis –> plasma and blood outflow

b) Immune disease in horses after viral infections immune complex forming –> immune-originated vasculitis –> plasma and blood outflow

c) Autoimmune disease, immune complex formation –> vasculitis of autoimmune origin –> plasma and blood outflow

A

a) Immune complex production in chronic purulent processes –> immune-originated vasculitis –> plasma and blood outflow

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33
Q

Congenital coagulopathies in horses:

a) Haemophilia-A and –B, in stallions; von Willebrand disease: recessive inheritance, in mares

b) Haemophilia B: Belgian horses and ponies; von Willebrand disease: symptoms in elderly horses

c) Haemophilia-A: recessively inherited in stallions; von Willebrand-disease: recessively inherited, independent from sex

A

c) Haemophilia-A: recessively inherited in stallions; von Willebrand-disease: recessively inherited, independent from sex

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34
Q

COPD etiology:

Hereditary disposition, bacterial, viral bronchitis, race

Inspiration allergen (Micropolyspora faeni, Aspergillus spore), genetic predisposition

Allergic or bacterial resp disease hyperactivity

A

Inspiration allergen (Micropolyspora faeni, Aspergillus spore), genetic predisposition

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35
Q

Haemolytic syndrome of foals?

a) Destruction of the equine foetus, in 1-w posprandially weakness, haemolyticus icterus –> death

b) Immunogenetic origin, after colostral uptake, 1/2-3d postprandially, haemolysis, icterus

c) Blood type incompatibility  destruction of the fetus in the uterus, icterus at birth, haemoglobinuria, unviability

A

b) Immunogenetic origin, after colostral uptake, 1/2-3d postprandially, haemolysis, icterus

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36
Q

Haemolytic anaemia causes in horses:

a) Infectious anaemia, babesiosis, leptospirosis, immune-/autoimmune processes

b) Infectious anaemia, leptospirosis, listeriosis, immune-/autoimmune processes

c) Infectious anaemia, horse plague, strangles, immune processes

A

a) Infectious anaemia, babesiosis, leptospirosis, immune-/autoimmune processes

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37
Q

Curative treatment of hypovolaemic shock in horses:

a) Perfusion, isotonic infusion 10-20 ml/ttkg/24h, dextran

b) 40-50ml hypertonic infusion/24h, perfusion

c) 40-60 ml/ttkg Ringer-liquor; fast infusion, dextran-liquor, plasma inf

A

c) 40-60 ml/ttkg Ringer-liquor; fast infusion, dextran-liquor, plasma inf

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38
Q

COPD pathogenesis:

Bronchitis –> pneumonia –> emphysema pulmonis

Rhinitis –> laryngitis –> bronchitis –> allergen inspiration –> emphysema pulmonis

Hypersensitivity –> neutrophils accumulating intraluminal –> intraluminal fibrosis –> emphysema

A

Hypersensitivity –> neutrophils accumulating intraluminal –> intraluminal fibrosis –> emphysema

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39
Q

Ethmoid hematoma/cause?

a) Traumatic injury of the ethmoid region (e.g. nasogastric tubing)

b) Secondary to hemostatic problems

c) Angiomatous tissue overgrowth

d) Neoplastic origin

A

c) Angiomatous tissue overgrowth

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40
Q

COPD 3rd grade CS:

Frequent, light cough, dyspnea, border of lings shifting 1-2 ICS

Humid cough, broken-wind groove, border of lungs shifting ½ ICS

Paroxysmal cough, doubled expiration, border of lungs shifting 1 ICS

A

Frequent, light cough, dyspnea, border of lings shifting 1-2 ICS

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41
Q

Blister beetle causes?

a) Intussusception, anaemia, hypokalaemia

b) Diarrhoea, haematuria, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcaemia

c) Diarrhoea, myocardial necrosis, hypochloraemia, hypermagnesemia

d) Gastric ulceration, oliguria, invagination

A

b) Diarrhoea, haematuria, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcaemia

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42
Q

COPD 4th grade CS:

Frequent paroxysmal cough, severe dyspnea, suffocating enlarged cardiac dullness

Frequent light cough, doubled expiration/broken-wing groove, border of lungs shifting back 2 ICS

Frequent aching cough, inspirational dyspnea

A

Frequent light cough, doubled expiration/broken-wing groove, border of lungs shifting back 2 ICS

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43
Q

COPD tx with glucocorticoids:

Inspiration glucocorticoids dispose to pododermatitis

The best is prednisolone PO

It is contraindicated to give them with bronchodilators

A

The best is prednisolone PO

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44
Q

Bronchodilators in horse

Clenbuterol, salmeterol, albuterol

Albuterol, atropine, bromhexine

Clenbuterol, acetylcysteine, dembrexine

A

Clenbuterol, salmeterol, albuterol

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45
Q

Blood-sucking lice in horses:

a) Haematopinus asini can cause anaemia in foals

b) Linognathus vituli causing anaemia and weakness

c) Hippobosca equienea; can cause anaemia in adult horses

A

a) Haematopinus asini can cause anaemia in foals

(Linognathus vituli – blood sucking lice of cattle

Hippobosca equienea – ikke en lice )

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46
Q

Chorioptes mange affects horses’?

a) Head

b) Limbs

c) Mane

d) Ventral abdomen

A

b) Limbs

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47
Q

Mucolytics for horses:

Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine

Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine

Terbutaline, celbuterol, dexamethasone

A

Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine

48
Q

Acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema causes:

Allergic rxn, heavy physical strain, glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) poisoning

Autoimmune rxn, pulmonary aspiration, threadworm larvae

Trichostrongylosis, allergy, aflatoxin poisoning

A

Allergic rxn, heavy physical strain, glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) poisoning

49
Q

Large strongyles may cause?

a) Thromboembolism

b) Chronic diarrhoea

c) Intussusceptions

d) Gastric ulceration

A

a) Thromboembolism

50
Q

Acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema signs:

Incr resp effort, caudal shift of lung border, dull-tympanic percussion sound

Serious dyspnea, 1-3 rib spaces shift of the lung border, cyanosis

Quick fatigue, epistaxis, tympanic percussion sound

A

Serious dyspnea, 1-3 rib spaces shift of the lung border, cyanosis

51
Q

Additional diagnostic methods in Equine hepatic diseases:

a) Ultrasound examination, Ultrasound guided biopsy

b) Ultrasound examination, ultrasound guided liver biopsy

c) Doppler ultrasound, radiography, diagnostic laparotomy

d) Creatinine clearance test, Bromsulphthalein, clearance test

A

b) Ultrasound examination, Ultrasound guided liver biopsy

52
Q

Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage:

Epistaxis in English thoroughbreds, frequently returns, causes anaemia

Pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses, caseous necrosis of the lung’s lobe, exercise intolerance

Pulmonary hemorrhage after competition, recidivism, bleeding spontaneously stops

A

Pulmonary hemorrhage after competition, recidivism, bleeding spontaneously stops

53
Q

General therapy in equine hepatic diseases?

a) Diet low in carbohydrates, vitamin B6, folic acid, lactulose

b) Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv, insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants

c) Diet low in lipids, insulin, heparin

d) Diet high in lipids, vitamin E

A

b) Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv, insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants

54
Q

Bronchitis-pneumonia origin of viral infection:

EHV-1, equine influenza virus A, rhinovirus 2

Adenovirus A, equine reovirus A, equine arbovirus 1 and 2

Equine influenza virus 1 and 3, equine adenovirus, PI-B

A

EHV-1, equine influenza virus A, rhinovirus 2

55
Q

Causes and features of Tyzzer-disease in horses?

a) Listeria monocytogenes-caused meningoenphalitis

b) Actinobacillus equulis infection, septicaemia in foals

c) Clostridium piliforme acute hepatitis in foals

d) Clostridium botulinum, hepatocencephalopathy in foals

A

c) Clostridium piliforme acute hepatitis in foals

56
Q

Bacterial bronchitis pneumonia origin:

Bordetella pneumoniae equi, Streptococcus pneumoniae equi, Chlamydia bronchiseptica

Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus equi, Bordetella bronchiseptica

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae equi, Chlamydophila equi, Corynebacterium pyogenes

A

Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus equi, Bordetella bronchiseptica

57
Q

Mycotic bronchitis pneumonia origin:

Pneumocystic carinii, Aspergillus species, Histoplasma equi

Coccidiodes equi, Pneumocystis carinii, Actinobaculum equi

Histoplasma capsulatum, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Coccidiodes immitis

A

Histoplasma capsulatum, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Coccidiodes immitis

58
Q

General therapy in equine hepatitis diseases?

a) Diet low in carbohydrates, vitamin B, folic acid, lactulose

b) Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv., insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants

c) Diet low in lipids, insulin, heparin

d) Diet high in lipids, vitamin E

A

b) Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv., insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants

59
Q

EGUS/clinical signs/foals/NOT true?

a) Diarrhoea

b) Salivation

c) Colic

d) Fever

A

d) Fever

60
Q

Neonatal pharyngeal weakness/foal?

a) Clinical signs: milky nasal discharge, bruxism, fever

b) Physiologic up to 2-4 weeks of age

c) Treatment with calcium

d) Treatment with antibiotics and NSAIDs

A

b) Physiologic up to 2-4 weeks of age

61
Q

Glucocorticoids for horses (in RAO/COPD)?

a) Beclometazon, triameinolone, fluticazon

b) Bromhexine, dembrexine, dobutrex

c) Albuterol, clenbuterol, salmeterol

d) Atropine, ipratropium bromide, scopolamine bromide

A

a) Beclometazon, triameinolone, fluticazon

62
Q

Bronchopneumonia characteristics:

Catarrhal style, bacterial origin, lobular extent

Catarrhal-purulent, bacterial origin, interstitial

Effusion, bacterial origin, interstitial

A

Catarrhal style, bacterial origin, lobular extent

63
Q

Secretolytics for horses?

a) Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine

b) Terbutaline, imodium

c) Terbutaline, clenbuterol

d) Acetylcysteine, bromhexine

A

d) Acetylcysteine, bromhexine

64
Q

Viral pneumonia characteristics:

Lobular –> interstitial, hepatic character, becoming chronic

Interstitial fibrosis and/or secondary bacterial infection –> hypoxia, acidosis

A

Interstitial fibrosis and/or secondary bacterial infection –> hypoxia, acidosis

65
Q

COPD (RAO)/Drugs/Horse?

a) Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon

b) Albuterol, ipratropium, trilostane

c) Salmeterol, aminofillin, edrophonium

d) Antihistamines, aspirin

A

a) Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon

66
Q

Croupous pneumonia stages:

Yellow hepatisation –> grey hepatisation –> resolution

Fibrinous –> haemorrhagic –> hepatisation –> crisis

Hyperaemia –> hepatisation –> resolution ?

A

Fibrinous –> haemorrhagic –> hepatisation –> crisis

67
Q

EIPH/ horse/ therapy:

a) Furosemide

b) Antibiotics

c) Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs

d) Glucocorticoids

e) Vitamin C

A

a) Furosemide

68
Q

Gangrenous pneumonia pathogenesis:

Aspiration, putrid bronchitis –> lung cavities –> septicaemia

Pneumonia crouposa, exsudate –> putrid bacteria

Metastasis or transmission; purulent localization in the lungs –> infection with protease bacteria

A

Aspiration, putrid bronchitis –> lung cavities –> septicaemia

69
Q

Intestinal motilisers for horses (prokinetics):

a) Flunixin meglumine, metoclopromaide

b) Neostigmine, lidocaine

c) Xylazine, neostigmine

d) Morphine, neostigmine, lidocaine

A

b) Neostigmine, lidocaine

(IV lidocaine is used in the treatment of postoperative ileus in people and has been shown to be useful in treating ileus and proximal duodenitis-jejunitis in horses. ;Metoclopromaide is also a prokinetic drug )

70
Q

Atropine toxicosis/horse/treatment?

a) Pilocarpine

b) Physostigmine

c) nMetoclopramide

d) Lidocaine

A

b) Physostigmine

71
Q

Purulent pneumonia CS:

Languor, serous-purulent nasal discharge, dullness with horizontal upper border by percussion, dyspnea

Weakness, purulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, whistling-wheezing resp sounds

Fever, bloody-frothy nasal discharge, dyspnea, dry cough, wide dullness

A

Weakness, purulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, whistling-wheezing resp sounds

72
Q

Atrial fibrillation in horses treatment:

a) Quinidine sulphate

b) Procainamide

c) Lidocaine

A

a) Quinidine sulphate

(Or Quinidine-gluconate )

73
Q

Secretolytics for horses?

a) Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine

b) Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine

c) Terbutaline, clenbuterol, dexamethasone

d) Clenbuterol, albuterol, dembrexine

A

b) Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine

74
Q

Croupous pneumonia CS:

Peracute, racking cough, by mobbing stronger dyspnea, dullness with horizontal upper border, course within 1w

Course in 2-3w, freq becomes chronic, serous nasal discharge, dullness, catarrhal resp sounds

Acute course: 2w, high fever, serosanguinous nasal discharge, wide dullness, dyspnea/cyanosis

A

Acute course: 2w, high fever, serosanguinous nasal discharge, wide dullness, dyspnea/cyanosis

75
Q

Gangrenous pneumonia CS

Within days fast general health decay –> death, malodorous-putrid breath, smelly nasal discharge, dyspnea

Course in 1-2w –> freq death, bloody-purulent nasal discharge, rapid, often cough, splashing sounds in the dullness area

Typically insp dyspnea, wide dullness, catarrhal resp sounds, long recovery

A

Within days fast general health decay –> death, malodorous-putrid breath, smelly nasal discharge, dyspnea

76
Q

Photosensitisation/which statement is not true?

a) Hypericum perforation (st. johns wort) causes primary photosensitization

b) Fagopyrum esculentum & lupinus albus cause secondary photosensitisation

c) Hepatogenous photosensitisation is characterised by phylloerythrin accumulation

d) The colchicine does not cause photosensitization

A

b) Fagopyrum esculentum & lupinus albus cause secondary photosensitisation

(They cause primary, not secondary!!)

77
Q

Aspiration pneumonia – localization of the dullness and resp sounds:

Lower third of the chest, region of the cardiac basis

Caudal third of lungs, where the ventilation is bad

Craniodorsal part of the lungs

A

Lower third of the chest, region of the cardiac basis

78
Q

Etiology of secondary photodermatitis in horses?

a) Uptake of photosensibilizing plants

b) Accumulation of phylloerythrin caused by hepatic insufficiency

c) Retention of photosensibilizing substances because of renal failure

d) Contact dermatitis caused by pasture plants phylloerythrin

A

b) Accumulation of phylloerythrin (from chlorophyll) caused by hepatic insufficiency

79
Q

Pleuropneumonia aerobic bacteria:

Streptococcus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma equi, Actinobacilus multiformis

Bacteroides fragilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, fusobacterium

Streptococcus equi, pasteurella, Actinobacillus equi

A

Streptococcus equi, pasteurella, Actinobacillus equi

80
Q

Characteristics of urticaria in horses?

a) Can be caused by inhaled allergens (fungi), rounded wheals on the skin within minutes or hours. Usually fast healing, but it might reoccur

b) Can be caused by inhaled allergens (dust), rounded wheals on the skin within days. Always fast healing

c) Can be caused by fodder (e.g. oat), rounded wheals on the skin always together with small bleedings of mucosa membranes (nose, mouth)

d) Caused by nettle plant, allergic reaction with pruritus and alopecia, rapid regeneration

A

a) Can be caused by inhaled allergens (fungi), rounded wheals on the skin within minutes or hours. Usually fast healing, but it might reoccur

81
Q

Pleuropneumonia anaerobic bacteria

Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium sp., fusobacterium

Klebsiella equi, Fusobacterium virilise, Mycoplasma felis

Actinobacillus pneumonia, Clostridium multifactoralis, Bacteroides pleuropneumoniae

A

Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium sp., fusobacterium

82
Q

Which statement describes sycosis horses?

a) Folliculitis on the back due to the untended saddle

b) Folliculitis long hair follicles on the hock, dorsal margin of the neck, root of the tail

c) Painful pustulous skin disease appearing on the skin of neck, back due to poor handling

A

b) Folliculitis long hair follicles on the hock, dorsal margin of the neck, root of the tail

83
Q

Pleuropneumonia CS:

Whistling and wheezing resp sounds, cardiac dullness, discharge of transudate

Dullness with horizontal uppor border by percussion, no respiration, by puncture: exsudation

Discharge of inflammatory exsudate, loud catarrhal resp sounds, chest oedema

A

Dullness with horizontal uppor border by percussion, no respiration, by puncture: exsudation

84
Q

Severe acute nephrosis/combined aetiology/horse?

a) Endotoxaemia + repeated flunixin meglumine + dehydration

b) Endotoxinaemia + repeated flunixin meglumine + overdosed HAES-infusion

c) Repeated flunixin meglumine + NSAID + cephalosporins

d) Clostridium botulinum toxin + repeated furosemide infections

A

a) Endotoxaemia + repeated flunixin meglumine + dehydration

85
Q

Pleuropneumonia treatment:

Thoracocentesis, dexamethasone, sulfadimidine, aminophylline

Thoracocentesis, bromhexin, prednisolone, gentamicin

Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin-meglumide, lowering of the pleural exsudate

A

Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin-meglumide, lowering of the pleural exsudate

86
Q

Plants and drugs causing nephrosis acuta:

a) Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, tetracyclines, gentamicin, levamisole

b) Fumonisin, aflatoxin, plants rich in oxalate, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins

c) Mycotoxins, plants rich in oxalate, aminoglycosides, monensin

A

c) Mycotoxins, plants rich in oxalate, aminoglycosides, monensin

87
Q

Equine pneumonia/treatment/antibacterial drugs:

Ampicillin, lincomycin, metronidazole

Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole

Clindamycin, metronidazole, neomycin

Erythromycin, clarithromycin, amphotericin

A

Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole

88
Q

COPD (RAO)/ Bronchoalveolar lavage sample:

Neutrophils <2%, eosinophils >2%

Mast cells >20%

Eosinophils >2%, neutrophils >5%

Neutrophils >20%

A

Neutrophils >20%

89
Q

Equine pneumonia/treatment/antibacterial drugs?

Ampicillin, lincomycin, metronidazole

Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole

Clindamycin, metronidazole, neomycin

Erythromycin, clarithromycin, amphotericin

A

Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole

90
Q

Causes of nephrotoxicosis from drugs or chemicals

a) Gentamicin, hemoglobin/myoglobin, heavy metals

b) Aminoglycosides, glucocorticoids, Pb, Hg, Se

c) Cephalosporins, NSAID’s, aflatoxin

A

a) Gentamicin, hemoglobin/myoglobin, heavy metals

91
Q

Equine laryngeal hemiplegia/ Diagnosis:

Auscultation, “slap” test

Occlusion of the nostrils; US exam of the larynx; radiographic examination of the larynx

Endoscopy, palpation, “slap” test

Computed tomography, endoscopy

A

Endoscopy, palpation, “slap” test

92
Q

Causes of vitamin nephropathy

a) Calciferol, riboflavine, menadion, nikotinacid

b) Menadion-natrium, ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol

c) Tocoferol, menadion-natrium, calciferol

A

b) Menadion-natrium, ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol

93
Q

COPD(RAO)/Which statement is NOT true/horse?

Occasionally mild radiographic changes in the lungs: interstitial, bronchial, peribronchial pattern

Usually severe radiographic changes in the lungs: fibrosis, chronic oedema

Thoracic radiography mainly serves for differential diagnostic purposes

Bronchectasia and increased air content sometimes visible on chest x-ray

A

Usually severe radiographic changes in the lungs: fibrosis, chronic oedema

94
Q

Tracheal collapse in horses/occurence:

English thoroughbred horses

Large, jumping horses

Ponies, miniature horses

Large, draft horses

A

Ponies, miniature horses

95
Q

Renal infarct CS:

a) Deterioration of hematuria, colic, renal failure

b) Serious hematuria – shock – bleeding out

c) Sudden occurrence of large amount of urine, enlarged kidneys

A

c) Sudden occurrence of large amount of urine, enlarged kidneys

(Clinical signs fra PPT:
- acute haematuria
- dullness
- anaemia (fatal bleeding rare)
- rectal findings: enlarged kidney, fremitus renal artery)

96
Q

Aspiration pneumonia/localisation of dullness and abnormal respiratory sounds/horse?

Lower third of the thorax, over the heart base

The caudal third of the lungs, because of poor ventilation in this region

Craniodorsal part of the lungs

Caudodrosal lung quadrant

A

Lower third of the thorax, over the heart base

97
Q

How can we treat pleuropneumonia in horses?

Thoracocentesis, dexamethasone, sulfadimidin, aminophylline

Thoracocentesis, bromhexin, prednisolone, gentamycin

Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin, meglumin, thoracic drainage

Thoracotomy, dexamethason, bromhexine

A

Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin, meglumin, thoracic drainage

98
Q

COPD (RAO)/Drugs/Horse:

Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon

Albuterol, ipratropium, trilostane

Salmeterol, aminofillin, edrophonium

Antihistamines, aspirin

A

Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon

99
Q

Caudal shift of the caudal lung border. It is characteristic for?

EGME

RAO

ELE(M)

FLUTTTD

A

RAO

100
Q

Cause of renal infarction:

a) Large necrosis, hemophilic area in cortex of kidney, embolia renalis, migration of Strongylus vulgaris 0 thrombosis – embolia

b) Circumscribed infarct with hemorrhagic area in kidney, embola in arteria renalis, migration of Strongylus vulgaris – thrombosis – embolia

A

b) Circumscribed infarct with hemorrhagic area in kidney, embola in arteria renalis, migration of Strongylus vulgaris – thrombosis – embolia

101
Q

Bronchitis-pneumonia/Etiology/Obligate pathogenic viruses/Horse:

Equine herpesvirus-1 and 4, equine influenza virus-A, african horse sickness virus

Equine adenovirus, equine reovirus-1 and 3, african horse sickness virus

Equine herpesvirus-2, equine adenovirus, parainfluenza virus-3

Rhinovirus, herpesvirus, coronavirus

A

Equine herpesvirus-1 and 4, equine influenza virus-A, african horse sickness virus

102
Q

Physical properties of horse urine:

a) Mucous containing mucin, muddy, rich in Ca-carbonate

b) Streams easily, contains mucin, translucid, contains Mg-P

c) Streams with difficulty, contains protein, translucid, contains Ca-Oxalate

A

a) Mucous containing mucin, muddy, rich in Ca-carbonate

103
Q

COPD (RAO) common occurrence:

a) In older horses kept in stables and getting mouldy hay

b) In horses kept on pasture and in horses performing hard exercise

c) In young foals after chronic respiratory infection

d) Most common in thoroughbreds, trotters and younger sport horses

A

a) In older horses kept in stables and getting mouldy hay

104
Q

Pathophysiology of post-exercise myopathy (myoglobinuria paralytica)/Horse?

a) Muscular-glycogen ↑ -> local lactic acid ↑ -> vasoconstriction due to hypoxaemia -> Zenker type myopathy -> muscular-paralysis + myoglobinuria

b) Hypoxia -> anaerobe glycolysis ↑-> local lactic acid ↑ -> myonecrosis -> + myoglobinuria + tubulonephrosis

c) Hypoxia -> anaerobe glycolysis ↑ -> local lactic acid ↑ -> Zenker type myopathy -> + myoglobinuria + immune-mediated glomerulonephritis

A

b) Hypoxia -> anaerobe glycolysis ↑-> local lactic acid ↑ -> myonecrosis -> + myoglobinuria + tubulonephrosis

105
Q

Bronchodilators for horses:

Ioperamid, albuterol, aminophylline (teophylline)

Albuterol, dimethyl-sulfoxide, bromhexin

Salbutanol, acetylcysteine, dembrexin

Clenbuterol, albuterol, aminophylline (theophylline)

A

Clenbuterol, albuterol, aminophylline (theophylline)

106
Q

COPD (RAO):

Allergic Disease

Chronic fungal infection

Chronic bacterial infection

Chronic viral infection

A

Allergic Disease

107
Q

Rhabdomyolytic myoglobinuria in horses:

Disease with paralysis like locomotion disorder and myoglobinuria of untrained cold- blooded due to an extremely heavy work

Disease with paralysis like locomotion disorder and myoglobinuria of continuously working cold-blooded horse

Disease with paralysis like locomotion disorder and myoglobinuria of untrained racer due to an extremely heavy and uncommon exercise

A

Disease with paralysis like locomotion disorder and myoglobinuria of continuously working cold-blooded horse

108
Q

Muscular degeneration (myalgia) symptoms in horse

a) Claudication, drop with comedown, hobbyhorse attitude

b) Racehorses with hard loading without training, after transport, inherited individual sensibility

c) Breast-, loins-, thigh muscular to be swollen and to be stiff, serious and irreversible lameness, renal failure

A

a or b???

109
Q

Muscular degeneration (myalgia) incidence in horse (tying up?)

a) Racehorse under hard/drastic load, stress, individual sensibility?

b) Racehorses with hard loading without training, after transport, inherited individual sensibility

c) Syndrome under horse transportation or racing, it’s familiar in studs, the individual sensibility has a big lead in it

A

??

110
Q

Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition what to do?

a) Try to rig up the recumbent horse to put up to walk, give it vitamin B, blood-letting

b) Transfer the recumbent horse to its equerry and place it to a hammock, abet the healing with blood-letting and vit B inj

c) Immediately terminate the work, grooming, give it NaHCO3, flunixin-meglumide, if a horse cannot stand up, it has a big change to die

A

c) Immediately terminate the work, grooming, give it NaHCO3, flunixin-meglumide, if a horse cannot stand up, it has a big change to die

111
Q

Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition prevention

a) During rest days be aware of changing the feed, ensure the calm of the resting horse, gradual increase of the forage portion

b) Half forage portion under rest days, ducting, after first interception humane loading?

c) During rest days vitamin B supplement, be aware that the horses are under calm condition in their equerry, they have limitations under hard work in the first day

A

c) During rest days vitamin B supplement, be aware that the horses are under calm condition in their equerry, they have limitations under hard work in the first day

(PPT: Prevention: when resting – energy decrease, slight movement, gradual working after resting )

112
Q

Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition pathogenesis:

2-3d rest in strong well-fed horses, then hard work within transition

1 week rest in well-fed horses, then hard work within transition

In undernourished, yoke horses, for the sake of grim-hard work

A

2-3d rest in strong well-fed horses, then hard work within transition

113
Q

Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition effects

a) Muscular atrophy, lameness, recumbency –> death

b) Claudication, debilitation, renal failure

c) Atrophic muscular slow degeneration, claudication, myocardosis

A

a) Muscular atrophy, lameness, recumbency –> death ?

(PPT: Outcome: recovery, muscular atrophy or recumbency -> death)

114
Q

Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition symptoms:@

a) After the first interception within 2-3h: lameness, wobbly, drop down, rump muscular bulge, saw-horse position, brown-ruddy urine

b) After the first interception within 2-3h: serious lameness, wobbly, downfall, rump muscular bulge, pasty delicate muscular, brown ruddy urine

c) Normal walk, wobbly, downfall, rump muscular bulge, compact rubber delicate muscle, brown-ruddy urine

A

c) Normal walk, wobbly, downfall, rump muscular bulge, compact rubber delicate muscle, brown-ruddy urine

115
Q

Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition pathogenesis:

Muscular-glycogen incr –> local lactic acid incr + hypoxemia –> muscular contraction incr –> zenker muscular paralysis + myoglobinuria

Hypoxia –> muscular glycogen decoupling incr –> local lactic acid incr –> Zenker- muscular necrosis –> paralysis + myoglobinuria

Muscular glycogen synthesis incr –> lactic acid decroupling incr + hypoxemia –> muscular contraction decr –> muscular bulge –> Zenker muscular paralysis + myoglobinuria

A
116
Q

The medial aspect of the stifle joint is easily recognisable in this way:
● The medial eminence of the tibia is larger
● The medial eminence of the tibia is smaller
● The fibula is on the medial aspect
● The radius is placed laterally

A

Equine 11th semester 2 (1 decks)

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