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Neuroscience > Equilibrium and Resting Potentials > Flashcards

Equilibrium and Resting Potentials Flashcards

1
Q

receive the synaptic inputs from many other neurons and comprise the major receiving portion of a neuron (they basically act like the neuron’s ears)

A

dendrites

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2
Q

conducts action potentials and thus conveys information over long distances that is onto its target neurons

A

axons

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3
Q

have specialized terminals with which they make synaptic contacts with other neurons or muscle cells

A

axons

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4
Q

Protein synthesis occurs in the

A

cell body of neurons

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5
Q

industrial region of each neuron.

A

cell body

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6
Q

refers the electrical difference between two compartments (the inside and the outside of the cell in this case) that is needed to exactly counterbalance the concentration force driving an ion from a compartment where there is a higher concentration of the ion into the compartment having a lower concentration of that ion.

A

The equilibrium potential

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7
Q

why is nervous system important

A

Multicellular cells are highly interdependent. The cells have become so specialized in their functions that no cell or tissue is capable of an independent existence. Hence a rapid mode of communication is important

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8
Q

Evolution has provided two solutions to the problem of intercellular communication:

A

endocrine system

nervous system

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9
Q

this system of communication is

accomplished by means of a chemical agent, or hormone

A

endocrine system

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10
Q

characteristic of intercellular communication via hormones is its

A

slowness because it is limited by the rate of blood flow

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11
Q

Principle Rationale for a Nervous

System

A

Rapid Communication Over Long Distances

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12
Q

system designed for rapid intercellular communication over long distances with high
fidelity

A

nervous system

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13
Q

cells that comprise the nervous system are called

A

neurons

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14
Q

In the nervous system, communication occurs by means of pulses of electrical signals called

A

action potential

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15
Q

Neurons have long cellular processes, called

A

axons

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16
Q

Neurons have long cellular processes, called axons over which
action potentials can be conducted at speeds of up to

A

120 meters/sec

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17
Q

4 major parts of neurons

A

cell body
dendrites
axon
axon terminal

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18
Q

cell body also known as

A

soma

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19
Q

soma, or cell

body, contains the

A

nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and all the
organelles and features that characterize all cells.

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20
Q

where the majority of protein

synthesis occurs, and thus is the neuron’s industrial center.

A

cell body

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21
Q

are a series of processes
that extend from the cell body, and are the parts of the neuron that receives information from
other neurons, as

A

dendrites

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22
Q

is a process that extends out from the cell body and

is the part of the neuron that conducts information from the cell body to distant sites.

A

axons

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23
Q

basically like a wire in an electrical circuit.

A

axons

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24
Q

Each neuron has how many axon/s

A

1

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25
Q

end of the axon

A

axon terminal

26
Q

close arrangement of the axon’s terminal and the dendrite or cell body of another cell
occurs at a special site called the

A

synapse

27
Q

The axon terminal at the synapse has numerous specializations, and the most
obvious are the

A

numerous synaptic vesicles

28
Q

The “balloons” are actually membranous vesicles that contain a chemical called a

A

neurotransmitter

29
Q

The major idea

is that when a signal is received at one of the dendrites, the signal triggers an electrical pulse which is an

A

action potential

30
Q

The major idea
is that when a signal is received at one of the dendrites, the signal triggers an electrical pulse, an
action potential, at the junction where the cell body meets the axon. This particular portion of
the axon is called the

A

axon hillock

31
Q

When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, it causes the vesicles in the terminal to
release their

A

chemical neurotransmitter

32
Q

neurotransmitter are released into this area

A

synaptic cleft

33
Q

When the receptors bind the chemical, they open

pores in the receptors and allow electricity, in the form of

A

positive ions -> flow into cell

34
Q

influx of positive charges into the cell then triggers an action potential at the

A

axon hillock of

the receiving cell

35
Q

The entire rationale of the nervous system can be condensed into a
single idea;

A

communication simply means that one cell influences the electrical state of
another cell by the release of chemicals at points of synaptic contact.

36
Q

The communication between two cells,
where one releases neurotransmitter and the other has receptors that bind the neurotransmitter,
occurs at the

A

synapse

37
Q

are the universal conveyors of information in all multicellular animals

A

action potential

38
Q

Axons and action potentials have three basic and essential attributes for conducting
information. Please enumerate

A
  1. conducted over long distances
  2. high fidelity
  3. propagated rapidly
39
Q

Additionally, the neurotransmitter is

released only in the

A

synaptic cleft

40
Q

knee jerk reflex involves with what muscle

A

quadriceps femoris

41
Q

stretch receptors in muscles are called

A

muscle spindles

42
Q

electrical change in the sensory axon ending is called

A

receptor potential

43
Q

If the receptor potential is sufficiently large, it will initiate a second type of electrical signal
near the afferent axon endings on the muscle spindle.

A

action potential

44
Q

electrical change that will propagate along axon from the muscle spindle into the spinal cord

A

action potential

45
Q

The stretched muscle also

stretches the

A

sensory receptors on the muscle spindle.

46
Q

The stretched receptor changes the electrical state of the receptor that is called a

A

receptor potential

47
Q

second neuron in the reflex circuit

A

motor neuron

48
Q

The open pores allow

______ to enter the soma of the motor neuron thereby changing its electrical state

A

positive charges

49
Q

The change

in electrical state of the motor neuron is called a

A

synaptic potential

50
Q

The action potential propagates along the sensory axon at this speed

A

100-120 m/sec

51
Q

separating the membranes of the sensory terminal and the

motor neuron dendrite

A

synaptic cleft

52
Q

The increase
in positivity is confined to the region of the motor neuron near the synapse and it is graded in
proportion to the

A

amount of transmitter released at the synapse

53
Q

the satellite cells of the nervous system

A

glial cells

54
Q

Indeed most cells in the nervous system are called

A

glial cells/ glia

55
Q

four

major types of glial cells in the nervous system. Please enumerate

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
microglia

56
Q

have elaborate processes and are only found in the brain and spinal cord. They are
not present on peripheral nerves, such as on the axons of motoneurons or on sensory nerves. Their
major function is to maintain a normal chemical environment for neuronal signaling.

A

Astrocytes

57
Q

are also restricted to the brain and spinal cord, and form the myelin sheaths
around some, but not all neurons

A

oligodendrocytes

58
Q

The processes of these glial cells wrap around a portion

of and axon thereby creating the myelin sheath.

A

oligodendrocytes

59
Q

are related to oligodendrocytes, but are only found in the peripheral nervous
system (the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord) where they form the myelin sheaths
around peripheral neurons

A

Schwann cells

60
Q

a type of glial cell that act like the macrophages in other tissues

A

Microglia

61
Q

They

are primarily scavenger cells that remove cellular debris from sites of neuronal injury

A

Microglia

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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