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12 Chemistry > Equilibrium > Flashcards

Equilibrium Flashcards

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0
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

An equilibrium in which the rates of forward and reverse processes are equal.

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1
Q

What is chemical equilibrium?

A

Chemical equilibrium is when the concentrations of all the reactants and products of a chemical reaction remain constant over time.

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2
Q

Are all chemical equilibria dynamic equilibria?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What is the equilibrium position?

A

The relative concentration of reactants and products in a chemical reaction system at equilibrium.

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4
Q

What are reversible reactions?

A

Chemical reactions that proceed in both the forward and reverse directions.

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5
Q

In which direction can equilibrium be reached?

A

An equilibrium position can be reached starting from the forward or reverse reaction.

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6
Q

Is the equilibrium position the same starting from either side?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What does ICE in i.c.e. Table stand for?

A

Initial concentrations, change in concentrations and equilibrium concentrations

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8
Q

What is equilibrium law?

A

The mathematical description of a chemical system at equilibrium.

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9
Q

What states are used in equilibrium law?

A

Gaseous and aqueous states only

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10
Q

What is K?

A

K is the equilibrium constant, a numerical value that defines equilibrium law for a given system.

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11
Q

Is K reported with units?

A

No

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12
Q

Will the equilibrium constant always have the same value regardless of initial concentrations provided that all other variables are kept the same?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Does K depend on temperature?

A

Yes

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14
Q

If K represents the forward reaction, what does K’ (K prime) represent?

A

The reverse reaction. K’ = 1/K

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15
Q

What is homogeneous equilibrium?

A

Chemical equilibrium in which all reactants and products are in the same state of matter.

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16
Q

What is heterogeneous equilibrium?

A

When reactants and products are present in more than one state.

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17
Q

Does the equilibrium position of heterogeneous equilibrium depend on the quantities of pure solids and liquids?

A

No, because the concentrations of pure solids and liquids do not change.

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18
Q

Do solids and liquids appear in the equilibrium law equation?

A

No

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19
Q

How can equilibrium positions be disturbed?

A

Through changes in pressure, temperature, concentration or a combination of these.

20
Q

What is Le Châtelier’s Principle?

A

When a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in a property, the system adjusts in a way that opposes the change.

21
Q

What is an equilibrium shift?

A

An adjustment by a system at equilibrium that results in a change in the concentrations of reactants and products.

22
Q

What happens when K is far less than one?

A

The equilibrium shifts far to the right favouring products

23
Q

What happens when K is about equal to one?

A

The concentration of products is about equal to that of reactants

24
Q

What happens when K is much higher than 1?

A

The equilibrium shifts far to the left favouring reactants.

25
Q

What happens when a reactant is added to a reaction?

A

The equilibrium shifts to the right, favouring products to oppose the change. (More product needs to be created)

26
Q

What happens when some reactant is removed from a reaction?

A

The equilibrium shifts to the left (towards reactants) to oppose the change and produce more of the reactant

27
Q

What happens when the concentration of a reactant increases in a reaction?

A

The equilibrium shifts to the right because the number of successful collisions for the forward reaction increases (and vice versa)

28
Q

What happens when the concentration of products increases?

A

The equilibrium shifts to the left to create more reactants causing the reverse reaction rate to increase.

29
Q

In an endothermic reaction, when would the equilibrium shift left?

A

When the reaction is cooled (thermal energy removed). (It is like having a reactant removed) therefore reaction shifts left.

30
Q

In an endothermic reaction, when would equilibrium shift right?

A

If thermal energy is added.

31
Q

In an exothermic reaction, when would equilibrium shift right?

A

If thermal energy is removed (energy is a product), the equilibrium will shift right

32
Q

In an exothermic reaction, when will equilibrium shift left?

A

If thermal energy is added (since energy is a product, this will be like having too much product)

33
Q

When do pressure and volume have no effect on gases?

A

When there are the same number of moles on both sides.

34
Q

What happens in a gaseous reaction when volume decreases and pressure increases?

A

The equilibrium shifts to the side with less moles. (Vice versa is also correct).

35
Q

Do catalysts change equilibrium position?

A

No. But they help the reaction reach equilibrium much faster.

36
Q

What are inert gases?

A

Non-reactive gases (Noble gases).

37
Q

What are inert gases good for?

A

Increasing pressure causing more collisions.

38
Q

Does K change with concentration?

A

No

39
Q

What happens when Q is less than K?

A

Equilibrium shifts to the right till equilibrium is reached.

40
Q

What happens when Q is equal to K?

A

The reaction is at equilibrium. No shift.

41
Q

What happens when Q is greater than K?

A

Equilibrium shifts to the left until equilibrium is reached.

42
Q

Explain the Hundo Rule.

A

If the concentration to which x is added or subtracted is at least 100x greater than the value of K, then the simplifying assumption will give an error of less than 5% therefore valid.

43
Q

What is Ksp?

A

Ksp is K for a saturated solution.

44
Q

Is temperature always included when reporting Ksp?

A

Yes.

45
Q

What happens when Q is greater than Ksp?

A

Equilibrium shifts left; precipitate forms until solution reaches new equilibrium.

46
Q

What happens when Q is less than Ksp?

A

Equilibrium shifts right. No precipitate since solution is unsaturated.

47
Q

What happens when Q is equal to Ksp?

A

Solution is at equilibrium.

48
Q

What is called the common ion effect?

A

Lowering the solubility of an ionic compound by the addition of a common ion.

12 Chemistry (4 decks)

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