Equations to know Flashcards

Question

What does avogadro's principle sate about gases at constant temperature and pressure?

Answer 1

n/V=k n=moles of gas, V=volume k=boltzmann constant=1.3806488 × 10-23 m^2 kg s^-2 K^-1 or n1/V1=n2/V2

Answer 2

PV=nRT when comparing two gases withe the same moles the equations P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2 can be used V2=(V1(P1/P2)(T2/T1)) where n is the number of moles found by n=m(mass in grams)/M(molar mass) R=8.21 × 10-2 (L· atm)/(mol· K) or 8.314 J/(K· mol)

Answer 3

density=mass/Volume. or m=dstp/Vstp=dstp/22.4L/mol

Answer 4

constant temperature. PV=k or P1V1=P2V2 as pressure increases volume decreases

Answer 5

constant pressure V/T=k or V1/T2=V2/T2 as one increases so does the other

Answer 6

PT=PA+PB+PC+...

Answer 7

PA=PTX where X=mole fraction PA= the partial pressure of the gas PT=total pressure with the mole fraction found by XA=nA/nt or (moles of A/total moles of gases)

Answer 8

(P+((n^2*a)/V^2))(V-n*b)=nRT where a and b are physical constants experimentally determined for each gas. The a term corrects for the attractive forces between molecules (a for attractive) and as such will be smaller for gases that are small and less polarizable He, larger for gases that are larger and more polarizable Xe, and largest for polar molecules. The b term corrects for the volume of the molecules themselves. Larger values of b are thus found for larger molecules. Numerical values for a are generally much larger than those for b.

Answer 9

gram equivalent weight=molar mass/n where n is the number of moles of something donated

Answer 10

equivalents=mass of compound/gram equivalent weight

Answer 11

Molarity=Normality/n

Answer 12

it is a measure of concentration and is measured in equivalents/liter, 1N solution has a concentration of hydrogen ions equal to 1 mole/liter

Answer 13

gives the simplest whole number ratio of the elements int he compound

Answer 14

gives the exact number of atoms of each element in the compound and is a multiple of the empirical

Answer 15

% composiiton=(mass of X in formula/formula weight of compound) x100%

Answer 16

percent yield=(actual yield/theoretical yield)x100%

Answer 17

-Δ(A)/aΔt=-Δ(B)/bΔt=-Δ(C)/cΔt=-Δ(D)/dΔt where aA+bB=cC+dD

Answer 18

rate=k(A)^x(B)^y mole/Ls=k(mol/L)^x*(mole/L)^y

Answer 19

rate=k(A)^0*(B)^0)=k rate=k(A)^1 or rate=k(B)^1 with rate=-Δ(A)/Δt=kA and the At=(A0)e^-kt rate=k(A)^1*(B)^1 or rate=k(A)^0*(B)^2=kB^2 or rate=k(A)^2*(B)^0=kA^2 rate=(k1(E)(A^2))/(k2+k3(A))

Answer 20

rate=fZ Z is the total number of collisions occurring per second, f is the fraction of collisions that are effective

Answer 21

kf/kr=(B)(C)/(A) where kf and kr are constants and can in turn be used to find kc, kr/kr=Kc=Keq keq=Kc=(k^1k^2k^3)/(k^-1k^-2k^-3)=((C)^c(D)^d)/((A)^a(B)^b) units of concentration are mol/L

Answer 22

Qc==((C)^c(D)^d)/((A)^a(B)^b) * Qc < Keq, Δ G < 0, reaction proceeds in forward direction * Qc = Keq, Δ G = 0, reaction is in dynamic equilibrium * Qc > Keq, Δ G > 0, reaction proceeds in reverse direction

Answer 23

ΔU=Q-W change in the total internal energy (Δ U) of a system is equal to the amount of heat (thermal energy) transferred (Q) to the system minus the amount of work (W) all in joules no heat exchanged means Δ Usystem + Δ Usurroundings = Δ Ucalorimeter = Qcalorimeter− Wcalorimeter = 0. no work done so qsystem = − qsurroundings, and msteelcsteelΔ T + moxygencoxygenΔ T = − mwatercwaterΔ T.

Answer 24

q=mcΔT J=(g)(J/G*K)(K) where q is the heat absorbed or released, m is the mass, c is the specific heat, and T is the change in temperature

Answer 25

ΔH=Hproducts-Hreactants J=J-J

Answer 26

ΔH=ΣΔHbonds broken+ΣΔHbonds formed= total energy absorbed-total energy released

Answer 27

ΔS=Qrev/T where Qrev is the heat that is gained or lost in the reversible process kJ/molK ΔSorxn=ΣΔSoproducts-ΣΔSoreactants ΔS=ΔSfinal-ΔSinitial

Answer 28

ΔSuniverse=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings>0

Answer 29

ΔG=ΔH-TΔS J/moll=(J/mol)-(K)(J/molK)

Answer 30

ΔGorxn=Σ(ΔGoproducts)-Σ(ΔGoreactants)

Answer 31

ΔGo=-RTlnKeq J/mol=(J/molK)(K)(dimensionless)

Answer 32

ΔG=ΔGo+RTlnQ

Answer 33

ΔG=G(g)-G(s) G(g)=G(s) because the change in gibbs free energy must be equal to zero in the phase equilibria

Answer 34

ΔP=PAo-PA

Answer 35

ΔPA=XAPAo XA is the mole fraction of the solute atm=atm

Answer 36

ΔTb=iKbm where i is the cant hoff factor or the moles of particles dissolved into a solution per mole of solute molecule, and Kb is a proportionally constant characteristic of a particular solvent m is the molality o the solution (molalilty=moles of solute/kg of solvent) K=(K/molal)(molal)

Answer 37

ΔTb=iKfm where i is the cant hoff factor or the moles of particles dissolved into a solution per mole of solute molecule, and Kf is a proportionally constant characteristic of a particular solvent m is the molality o the solution (molalilty=moles of solute/kg of solvent) K=(K/molal)(molal)

Answer 38

Π=iMRT , defined as the osmotic pressure (Π ) where M is the molarity of the solution, R is the ideal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature (in Kelvin), and i is the van't Hoff factor. atm=(L/mol)(L*atm/mol*K)(K)

Answer 39

Ksp=(A^n+)^M(B^m-)^n by the reaction AmBn to mA^n+ + B^m-

Answer 40

I.P.=(A^n+)^M(B^m-)^n mol/L Ion product analogous to Q compared to Ksp in determining the behavior of the solution when not in equilibrium

Answer 41

pH=-log(H+)=log(1/(H+))

Answer 42

pOH=-log(OH-)=log(1/(OH-))

Answer 43

pH+pOH=14 pH=14-pOH=14-(-log(OH-)=14+log(1)=14+0=14

Answer 44

Ksp=(H3O+)(OH-) Kn=(H3O+)(A-)/(HA) or Kb=(B+)(OH-)//(BOH)

Answer 45

NaVa=NbVb Na and Nb are the normalities of the acid and base respectively

Answer 46

pH=pKa+log(conj base/weak acid) pOH=pKb+log(conj acid/weak base)

Answer 47

emfo=Eocell-Eoanode=Eored+Eooxid

Answer 48

ΔGo=-nFEocell=-RTlnK or the change in chemical potential of a reaction, or the change in the amount of energy available in a chemical system to do work. n is the number of moles of electrons exchanged, F is faraday's constants, and Ecell is the Emf of the cell ΔG=-nFEcell

Answer 49

Ecell=Eocell-(RT/nF)lnQ

Answer 50

B=nA, when a vector A is multiple by a scalar value n, it produces a new vector B

Answer 51

v=Δx/Δt m/s

Answer 52

a=Δv/Δt m/s^2

Answer 53

F=(Gm1m2)/r^2 G=6.67384×10^-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2 N=((Nm^2/kg^2)(kg)(kg))/(m^2)

Answer 54

t=rfsinθ Nm=(m)(N)

Answer 55

F=(mv^2)/r N=(kg(m/s)^2)/m a=(v^2)/r

Answer 56

Fk=μkFn Fs=μsFn N=N 0<μs/kFn

Answer 57

W=ΔE=ΔU+ΔK=

Answer 58

W=Fdcosθ J=Nm

Answer 59

P=W/t Watt=J/s

Answer 60

Wtot=ΔK=Kf-Ki J

Answer 61

p=mv kg*m/s

Answer 62

I=FΔt=Δp=mvf-mvi kg*m/s=Ns=(kgm/s^2)(s)

Answer 63

1/2mavai^2+1/2mbvbi^2=1/2mavaf^2+1/2mbvbf^2

Answer 64

mavai+mbvbi=mavaf+mbvbf

Answer 65

mavai+mbvbi=(ma+mb)vf

Answer 66

mech adv=Fout/Fin

Answer 67

Efficiency=Wout/Win=(load(load distance))/((effort)(effort distance))

Answer 68

X=(m1x1+m2x2+m3x3+...)/(m1+m2+m3+...) m=kgm/kg

Answer 69

Tf=9/5Tc+32

Answer 70

ΔL=αLΔT m=(K^-1)mK

Answer 71

ΔV=βVΔT where β=3α m^3=(k^-1)(m^3)K

Answer 72

1 Cal=10^3cal=3.97Btu=4,184J

Answer 73

cannot use Q=mcΔT, no change in temperature Q=mL where Q is the amount of heat gained or lost, m is the mass of the substance, and L is the heat of transformation of the substance.

Answer 74

F=PA where F is force, P is pressure, and A is area

Answer 75

W=PΔV J=(Pa)(m^3)=(N/m)(m^3)

Answer 76

A2=P2ΔV A1=(1/2)is ΔVΔP W=A1+A2

Answer 77

Q=0 ΔU=-W W=0 ΔU=-Q ΔU=0 Q=W

Answer 78

ΔS=Q/T=L(m/T) where L is the latent heat (either heat of fusion or heat of vaporization), m is mass, and T is the constant temperature of the system and environment in Kelvin.

Answer 79

F=(kq1q1)/(r^2) k=8.99x10^9 (Nm^2)/C^2

Answer 80

F=q0E or E=F/q0=kq/r^2 N/C=((N/m^2)/C^2)(C)/m^2 When a test charge (q0) is placed in an electric field (E), it will experience an electrostatic force (F) equal to q0E. where E is the electric field magnitude, F is the force felt by the test charge qo, k is the electrostatic constant k=1/4πε0=8.99x10^9Nm^2/C^2, ε0=8.85x10^-12C^2/Nm^2, q is the source charge magnitude, and r is the distance between the charges. With the total electric field equal to Etotal=Eq1+Eq2+...+ N/C

Answer 81

U=kqQ/r J=Nm=(((NM^2)/C^2)(C)(C))/m F=kqQ/r^2 found from U=W=Fd=Fr=(k(qQ/r^2))(r)

Answer 82

V=W/q Vb-Va=Wab/q0 V=kQ/r V=kq/r1-kq/r2=kq((r2-r1)/r1r2) with the total electric potential equal to Vtotal=Vq1+VqVq3

Answer 83

V=((kp)/(r^2))cosθ where p is the magnitude of the dipole moment, p=qd or charge times distance, E is the magnitude of the uniform external electric field, theta is the angle the dipole moment makes with the electric field

Answer 84

τ=F(d/2)sinθ+F(d/2)sinθ=kq/r1-kq/r2=Fdsinθ=qEdsinθ=pEsinθ

Answer 85

I=Δq/Δt A=C/s

Answer 86

B=μ0i/2r T=((Tm/A)(A))/m

Answer 87

B=μ0i/2πr T=((Tm/A)(A))/m

Answer 88

F=qvBsinθ where q is the charge (including the sign of the charge), v is the velocity of the charge, B is the magnitude of the magnetic field, and θ is the smallest angle between the vector qv and the magnetic field vector B. N=(C)(m/s)(T)=(C)(m/s)(Ns/mC)

Answer 89

F=ILBsinθ F=(Δq/Δt)LBsinθ=Δq(L/Δt)Bsin=qvbsinθ F=qvB=(mv^2)/r

Answer 90

r=mv/qB B=mv/qr v=qrB/m

Answer 91

R=ρL/A The number that characterizes the intrinsic resistance to current flow in a material is called the resistivity (ρ ), for which the SI unit is the ohm-meter (Ω · m). Resistivity is the proportionality constant that relates a conductor's resistance (R) to the ratio of its cross-sectional area (A) to the length of the resistor (L). Ω=(Ω · m)(m)/m^2

Answer 92

V=IR V=AΩ J/C=(C/s)(Js/C^2)

Answer 93

V=Ecell-IRint V=V-(A)(Ω)

Answer 94

P=IV=I^2R=(V^2)/R J/s=(C/s)(J/C)=(C/s)^2(Js/C^2)=(J/C)^2/(Js/C^2)

Answer 95

Rtot=R1+R2+R3+...

Answer 96

1/Ctot=1/C1+1/C2+...

Answer 97

Vtot=V1+V2+V3+...

Answer 98

1/Rtot=1/R1+1/R2+...

Answer 99

Ctot=C1+C2+...

Answer 100

Vtot=V1=V2=V3=...

Answer 101

C=Q/V F=C/V C=ε0(A/d) F=(F/m)(m^2/m)

Answer 102

E=V/d N/C=V/m=(Nm/C)/m

Answer 103

U=1/2C(V^2) J=(F)(V^2)=(C/V)(J/C)^2=(C/(J/C))(J^2/C^2)

Answer 104

C'=KC where K is the dielectric constant or a measure of the insulation of the particular dielectric material.

Answer 105

i=Imaxsin(2πft)=Imaxsinωt) the current flows in the opposite direction. where i is the instantaneous current at the time t, Imax is the maximum current, f is the frequency, and ω is the angular frequency ( ω = 2π f).

Answer 106

Irms=Imax/√2

Answer 107

Vrms=Vmax/√2

Answer 108

(ω = 2π f = π /T, where T is the period, ,1/f the time to complete one cycle), and t is time. rad/s=rad(1/s)(hz) ω = √k/m rad=√((kg/s^2)/kg)

Answer 109

F=-kx N=(N/m)m kgm/s^2=(kg/s^2)(m)

Answer 110

x=Xcos(ωt)

Answer 111

U=1/2kx^2 J=kgm/s^2=)kg/ms^2)(m^2)

Answer 112

E=K+U=constant U=mgh

Answer 113

ω=2πf=√(g/L)=2π/T

Answer 114

F=-mgsinθ

Answer 115

spring constant k

Answer 116

2π√(m/k)

Answer 117

2π√(L/g)

Answer 118

1/T or ω/2π

Answer 119

x=0 and θ=0 vertical position

Answer 120

x=±X or a max value of θ

Answer 121

y=Y sin(kx-ωt) displacement y of a particle in a wave may be plotted at each point x along the direction of the wave's motion. Y is the amplitude (maximum displacement), k is the wavenumber, ω is the angular frequency, and t is the time. the displacement of a spring at time t.

Answer 122

v=fλ m/s=(1/s)m

Answer 123

v=fλ=w/k=λ/T

Answer 124

I=P/A W/m^2=(J/s)/m^2

Answer 125

β=10 log (I/Io) Btot=BE+10 log (If/Ii) sound waves of the same amplitude and frequency that have traveled 1 meter from their source. sound level (β ), measured in decibels (dB). where Io is a reference intensity set at the threshold of hearing, 1 × 10− W/m2. When the intensity of a sound is changed by some factor

Answer 126

fbeat=(f1-f2)

Answer 127

f'=f((v±vo)/(v±vs))

Answer 128

λ/2, 2λ/2, 3λ/2 λ=2L/n

Answer 129

f=v/λ, f=nv/2L

Answer 130

λ=4L/n f=nv/4L

Answer 131

ρ=m/v kg/m^3 g/mL

Answer 132

W=mg m=ρV W=ρVg

Answer 133

P=F/A Pa=N/m^2

Answer 134

P=Po+ρgh N/m^2=N/m^2+(g/m^3)(m/s^2)m PB=P-Patm+(Po+ρgh)-Patm

Answer 135

P=F1/A1=F2/A2

Answer 136

Fbuoy=(Vfluiddisplaced)(ρfluid)(g)=weight of object Fbuoy=(Vobjectsubmerged)(ρfluid)(g) N=kgm/s^2=(m^3)(kg/m^3)(m/s^2)

Answer 137

W=PΔV=F1d1=F2d2

Answer 138

vε=(Nεη)/(ρD) m/s=((N*s)/(m^2))/((kg/m^3)(m))

Answer 139

ϒ=(F/A)/(ΔL/L)

Answer 140

S=(F/A)/(x/h)

Answer 141

B=(F/A)/(ΔV/V)

Answer 142

EM spectrum term described the full range of frequency and wavelength of electromagnetic waves. following units are often used when quoting wavelengths: 1 mm = 10− 3 m, 1 μ m = 10− 6 m, 1 nm = 10− 9 m, and 1 Å (angstrom) = 10^− 10 m. The full spectrum is broken up into many regions, which in descending order of wavelength are radio (109 m− 1 m), microwave (1 m− 1 mm), infrared (1 mm− 700 nm), visible light (700 nm− 400 nm), ultraviolet (400 nm− 50 nm), x-ray (50 nm− 10− 2 nm), and gamma rays (less than 10^− 2 nm). Electromagnetic waves vary in frequency and wavelength, but in a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed, called the speed of light. This constant is represented by c and is approximately 3 × 10^8 m/s. electromagnetic waves also travel in air with this velocity. In reference to electromagnetic waves, the familiar equation v = fλ. where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and, to a first approximation, also in air.

Answer 143

(1/o+1/i)=(1/f)=(2/r) the o, object is positive when the object is in front of the mirror (R side), the o is negative when the object is behind the mirror (V side) the i is positive or the image is in front of the mirror (R side), the negative i the image is behind the mirror (V side) where r is the positive or a concave mirror, where r is negative meaning a convex mirror where f is the positive and indicates a concave mirror, and negative means convex mirror. where m the magnification is positive the image is upright or erect, the magnification is negative or the image is inverted

Answer 144

n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2

Answer 145

n1sinθ1=n2sin90=n2sinθc=n2/n1 or 1/f(n-1)(1/r1-1/r2)

Answer 146

asinθ=nλ n=1,2,3,...

Answer 147

dsinθ=mλ m=-0,1,2 dsinθ=(m+1/2)λ

Answer 148

Et=σT^4 W/m^2=(J/(s*m^2*K^4))(K^4)

Answer 149

Kmax=hf-W J=(Js)(S^-1)-J where work W=hft

Answer 150

En=-13.6eV/n^2 eV=eV or E=-RH/n^2 J=J where ΔE=Ef-Ei

Answer 151

E=mc^2 J=kg(m/s)

Answer 152

Zdaughter=Zparent-2 Adaughter=Aparent-4 where A is the mass number, and Z is the atomic number

Answer 153

azX=az+1Y+β- Zdaughter=Zparent+1 Adaughter=Aparent azX=az-1Y+β+ Zdaughter=Zparent-1 Adaughter=Aparent

Answer 154

Zparent=Zdaughter Aparent=Adaughter

Answer 155

Δn/Δt= -λn or ln(n)=ln(no)e^-λt λ(s^-1) and t (s)

Answer 156

λ=ln2/T1/2=.693/T1/22

Equations to know Flashcards

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