Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ECC Equations > Equations > Flashcards

Equations Flashcards

1
Q

Arterial O2 Content

A

CaO2 = [Hg x 1.34 x SPO2] + [PaO2 x 0.003] = ml/dL

Normal = 19 - 21 mL/dL

Hg = 1/3 PCV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

CO = SV x HR

100 - 200 mL/kg/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

SV = CI/HR (mL/beat/kg)

CI = CO/BSA

1.5 - 2.5 mL/beat/kg

or

EDV-ESV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Oxygen Delivery (DO2)

A

DO2 = CaO2 x CO

20-35 ml/kg/min

Critical DO2 = 9-10 mL/kg/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

O2 Consumption (VO2)

A

VO2 = CO x (CaO2 - CvO2)

4-11 ml/kg/min

CvO2 = [Hg x 1.34 x SvO2] + [PvO2 x 0.003]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oxygen Extraction Rate (OER)

A

OER = VO2/DO2 x100

CO x (CaO2-CvO2)/ CO x CaO2 x 100

Cancel both CO

(CaO2-CvO2)/CaO2 x 100

Can also use SO2

(SaO2-SvO2)/SaO2 x 100

Normal = 25% (20-30)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)

A

(MAP-CVP)/CO (mmHg/mL/Kg/min)

0.5-0.8 mmHg/ml/kg/min

or - 1600-2500 dynes/sec/cm-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)

A

(PAP - PAOP)/CO

mmHg/mL/kg/min

0.04-0.06 mm Hg/ml/kg/min

or - 125-250 dynes/sec/cm-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

MAP = ((SAB-DAP)/3) + DAP

Dogs = 80-120 mm Hg

Cats = 100-150 mm Hg

or

BP = CO x SVR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ejection Fraction (EF)

Fractional Shortening (FS)

A

EF = EDV-ESV / EDV (normal 70%)

FS = LVDd - LVDs / LVDd

Dog - 25-45

Cat- 30-55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ECG

Instantaneous Heart rate

A

@ 50mm/sec = 3000/x

@ 25 mm/sec = 1500/x or use Square trick (image)

x = small boxes between R-R interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alveolar O2 content (PAO2)

A

PAO2 = [FiO2 x (BaroPressure - H2O pressure)] - [PaCO2/RQ]

PAO2 = [FiO2 x (760 - 47)] - [PaCO2/0.8-1]

(room air) PAO2 = [0.21 x (760 - 47)] - [PaCO2/0.8-1]
150 - [PaCO2/0.8]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A-a Gradient

A

PAO2 - PaO2
PAO2 (calculated) PaO2 (measured)

FiO2 x [760-47] - [PaCO2/0.8] - PaO2

< 15 is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

P:F ratio (S:F)

A

PaO2:FiO2 = 500

or

SaO2:FiO2

P:F < 300 = ALI
P:F < 200 = ARDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Respiratory Shunt Equation

A

Qs/Qt = [CcO2-CaO2/CcO2-CvO2] = < 5%

CcO2 (capillary O2 content) = [Hg x 1.34] + [PAO2 x 0.003]
CaO2 (arterial O2 content) = [Hg x 1.34 x SaO2] + [PaO2 x 0.003]
CvO2 (venous O2 content) = [Hg x 1.34 x SvO2] + [PvO2 x 0.003]
PAO2 - FiO2 x (760-47) - (PaCO2/0.8)

Normal is < 5%
10-20% minimaly affected
20-30% pulmonary disease
> 30% life threatning disease

or 1 - SaO2 / 1 - SvO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Physiologic Dead Space

(Bohr’s Equation)

A

Vd/Vt = (PaCO2-PeCO2) / PaCO2

Can also use PetCO2 (end-tidal)

< 24%

Also PAO2-PEO2/PAO2 (alveolar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (VA)

A

VA = TV - Vd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fick Equation for CO

In a measurement of cardiac output using the Fick Principle, the oxygen concentration of mixed venous and arterial blood are 16 and 20 mL/100mL, respectively, and the O2 consumption is 300mL/min. The cardiac output in L/min is:

A

Fick Eq CO = Oxygen consumption/arteriovenous difference

CO = VO2/(CaO2-CvO2)

answer: 7.5.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Haldane effect and Bohr Effect

A

Haldane - offload of O2 allows more CO2 to be carried (Shift curve to the left)

Bohr effect - hemoglobin has decreased affinity for CO2 when O2 is bound (enhancement of CO2 dissociation and elimination in the lungs). A decrease in pH and increase CO2 will decrease affinity for O2 (shift curve to the right)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Henderson Hasselbalch Equation

A

pH = 6.1 + Log ([HCO3)]/[PaCO2 x 0.03]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Laplace Law

A

Pressure (P) = 2 x t / r

Wall tension (T) = P x r / 2h

P = pressure
t = surface tension
r = radius
T = tension
h = wall thickeness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Modified Bernoulli Equation

A

P = 4 x V(2) (power)

Used to estimate pulmonary artery pressure on echocardiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ohm’s Law

and

Poiseuille Equation

A

Q = P / R

or

P = Q x R

Q = Flow
R = Resistance
P = Pressure

Resistance comes from Poiseuille Equation
R = 8 x L x n / 2x(pi) x r(4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reynolds Number

A

Re = ( D x p x V ) / n

D = diameter
p = Density
V = velocity
n = viscosity

< 2000 laminar
> 3000 turbulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ventilation Equation of Motion

A

Pressure = (TV/compliance) + (Resistence x Flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lung compliance

Static and Dynamic

A

Compliance = DV/DP

Static compliance (remove interference of airway resistance, measure during vent. inspiratory hold.

Cstat = TV / (Pplat - PEEP)

Dynamic compliance (measured during airflow, might be less than static)

Cdyn = TV / (PIP - PEEP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Daily Maintenance Fluid

Dehydration correction

A

Maintenance

(BW (kg) x 30) + 70

2-4 ml/kg/hr

Dehydration

BW(kg) x %(dehydration) / 1000 = mL/L

28
Q

Calculated and Effective Osmolality

A

Calculated
2(Na + K) + GLU/18 + BUN/2.8

Effective
2(Na) + GLU/18

Normals (mOsm/L)
DOG - 290-310
CATS - 290 - 330

29
Q

Osmol Gap

A

Difference between the calculated and measured Osmolality

OsmGap = Measured Osm - CalcOsm

DOG - 0 to 1
CAT = 2

30
Q

Anion Gap

A

(Na + K) - (CL + HCO3)

DOG = 8-21
CAT = 12-16

Gen. < 25

31
Q

Anion Gap with correction for Low Alb

A

AG = (Na + K) - (CL + HCO3)

If low ALB then;

DOG = AG + 0.42 (3.77 - ALB)

CAT = AG + 0.41 (3.3 - ALB)

32
Q

Anion Gap corrected for Hyperphosphatemia

A

AG = (Na + K) - (CL + HCO3)

If high Phosphorus, then;

AG + [(2.52 - (0.58 x Pi)]

33
Q

Total Body Water

A

TBW = Kg x 0.6

(60% of Body weight)

34
Q

Free Water Deficit

A

FWD = TBW x (Nam / Nan -1)

TBW = kg x 0.6

so;

Kg x 0.6 x (Nam/Nan - 1)

Nam = Na measured

Nan = Na normal (145)

35
Q

Traditional Acid-Base components

Non-traditional Acid-Base components

A

Traditional - PCO2, HCO3, pH, AG, BE

Non-Traditional - SID, Atot, SIG, pH, PCO2

36
Q

Strong Ion GAP

A 
DOG = (ALB x 4.9) - AG
CAT = (ALB x 7.4) - AG

Correct AG for Phosphorus if needed;

AG + [2.52 - (0.58 x Pi)]

Normal SIG dog = −0.09 mEq/L (−0.82–0.65 mEq/L)

Normal SIG cat = ?

37
Q

Corrected Na

A

Nac = Nam + [1.6 x (GLUm - GLUn)/100]

An Increase of 1.6 Na / 100 mg/dL GLU above normal

or

An increase of 1.0 Na / 62 mg/dL GLU above normal

38
Q

Corrected CL

A

CLc = CLm x (Nan/Nam)

Note, Na is the inverse of Free water deficit.

Incr. CLc in renal CL retention, RTA, Chronic resp. alkalosis

Decr. CLc in GI diseaes (v/d), Loop diuretics, Hypoadre/steroids, chronic resp. acidosis

39
Q

Corrected Calcium

A

Cac = Ca - ALB + 3.5

40
Q

Na deficit

A

Nad = 0.6 x Kg (Nan - Nam)

Note, here you subtract and not divide Na.

41
Q

Starling Law for fluids

Revised formula

A

Jv = KF x [(Pc - Pi) -o [(Oc - Oi) - Qlymph

Revised for Glycocalyx

Jv = KF x [(Pc - Pi) -o [(Oc - Osg)

Osg = sub-glycocalyx

42
Q

Colloidal Osmotic pressure normals

A

DOG = 15 - 26

CATS = 17 -33

Target therapeutic ~ 16 mmHg

43
Q

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)

A

CPP - MAP - ICP

44
Q

Coronary Perfusion Pressure (CoPP)

A

CoPP = DiastAorticP - RAp

Diastolic aortic pressure

Right atrial pressure

45
Q

Normal circulating pressures

A

LA - 5-10 mmHg

LV - 125-10 mmHg

AO - 120-80 mmHg

RA - 0-5 mmHg

RV - 25-5 mmHG

PA - 25-10 mmHg

46
Q

Albumin Deficit

A

ALBd = 0.3 x 10 x Kg x (desiredALB - pALB)

or

3 x Kg x (desALB - pALB)

Products

FFP - 3g/100mL
Whole Blood - 1.4g/100mL
HSA 25% - 25g/100mL
CSA - 5g/100mL

47
Q

Blood transfusion Calculations

A

Rule - 1ml/kg of pRBC raise 1% - 10mL/kg raise 10%

2ml/kg of Whole Blood raise 1% - 20ml/kg raise 10%

Kg x 90 x (Desired PCV - Patient PCV) / Donor PCV

Example - 20kg dog with PCV 15%

pRBC PCV-80%

Want to increase to 28%

20 x 90 x (28 - 15)/80

20 x 90 x 0.162

20 x 14.62 = 292.4

48
Q

Bicarbonate deficit

A

BD = 0.3 x kg x (HCO3n - HCO3m)

Give 1/4/-1/3

49
Q

Simplified quantitative approach to acid-base analysis proposed by Hopper and Haskins

(list contribution to Acid-Base + formula)

Free water effect

A

FWE = (Nam - Nan) / 4

or

dog = 0.25 x (Nam - Nan)

cat = 0.22 x (Nam - Nan)

Decreased free water = increased sodium = leads to alkalosis
Increased free water = decreased sodium = leads to acidosis

50
Q

Simplified quantitative approach to acid-base analysis proposed by Hopper and Haskins

(list contribution to Acid-Base + formula)

Chloride effect

A

CLe = CLn - CLc

CLc = corrected CL

CLm x (Nan/Nam)

Low chloride promotes an alkalosis

High Chloride promotes Acidosis

51
Q

Simplified quantitative approach to acid-base analysis proposed by Hopper and Haskins

(list contribution to Acid-Base + formula)

Phosphate effect

A

Phe = (Phn - Phm) / 2

or

0.58 x (Phn - Phm)

Increased phos promotes an acidosis
Decreased Ph promotes alkalosis

52
Q

Simplified quantitative approach to acid-base analysis proposed by Hopper and Haskins

(list contribution to Acid-Base + formula)

Albumin effect

A

ALBe = (ALBn - ALBm) x 4

or

3.7 (ALBn - ALBm)

Low albumin promotes an alkalosis

High albumin promotes acidosis

53
Q

Simplified quantitative approach to acid-base analysis proposed by Hopper and Haskins

(list contribution to Acid-Base + formula)

Lactate effect

A

Le = -1 x lactate

Hyperlactatemia promotes acidosis

54
Q

Fractional Na Excretion

A

FNaE = (UNa x Pcr) / (PNa x Ucr) x 100

(UX x Pcr) / (PX x Ucr) x 100

55
Q

Renal Clearance

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (X) given to a 50kg animal has a concentration of 0.05mg/mL in the plasma and 1.8mg/ml in the urine. Assuming this animal is producing 100ml of urine/hr, the renal clearance of the drug X per minute is…

(pay attention to the UNITS)

A

100mL/hr = 1.66 mL/min

Renal Clearance = Urine Flow x Urine [] / plasma []

1.66 x 1.8 / 0.05 = 60 mL/min

56
Q

Renal Blood flow

A

RBF / (1 -HCT)

57
Q

Renal Filtration Fraction

A

GFR / RBF

normal about 20%

58
Q

Renal filtered load

A

GFR x [plasma]

59
Q

Renal excretion rate

A

Urine flow rate x [Urine]

60
Q

Renal reabsorption rate

A

Filtered load - excretion rate

61
Q

Secretion rate

A

Excretion rate - filtered rate

62
Q

Resting Energy Requirement

A

RER = (30 x kg) + 70

63
Q

Total Parenteral Nutrition calculations

A

Dog protein required: 4-5g/100 Kcal
Cat protein requirement: 6-8g/100 Kcal

Dextrose for 30-50% remaining calories (50% dex has 1.7 Kcal/mL)

Lipid for 50-70% remaining calories (20% lipid has 2.0 Kcal/mL)

64
Q

Acid-Base compensation for Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis

A 
Metabolic Alkalosis (icr. HCO3) - expect resp. acidosis (icr. CO2)
incr. CO2 by 0.7 mmHg for each icr. HCO3 of 1 mEq/L
Metabolic Acidosis (decr. HCO3) - expect resp. alkalosis (decr. CO2)
decr. CO2 by 0.7 mmHg for each decr. in HCO3 of 1 mEq/L
65
Q

Acid-Base compensation for Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis

A

Respiratory Acidosis (incr. CO2) - expect Metabolic Alkalosis (incr. HCO3)
Acute - incr of 0.15 mEq/L HCO3 for each incr CO2 of 1 mmHg
Chronic - incr. of 0.35 mEq/L HCO3 for each incr. CO2 by 1 mmHg

Respiratory Alkalosis (decr. CO2) - expect Metabolic acidosis (dedr. HCO3)
Acute - decr of 0.25 mEq/L of HCO3 for each decr. CO2 of 1 mmHg
Chronic - decr. 0.55 mEq/L og HCO3 for each decr. CO2 of 1 mmHg

66
Q

Normal values for

CO

SV
DO2

VO2

CaO2

OER

SVR

PVR

MAP (dog/cat)

A-a

P:F

Qs/Qt

A

CO = 100-200 mL/Kg/min

SV = 9 mL/bet/min

DO2 = 20-35 mL/kg/min

VO2 = 4-11 mL/kg/min

CaO2 = 19-21 mL/dL

OER = 25%

SVR = 0.5-0.8 mmHg/mL/kg/min

PVR = 0.04 0.06 mmHg/mL/kg/min

MAP dog = 80-120 mmHg
cat = 100-150 mmHg

A-a = < 15

P:F - Normal 500
ALI < 300
ARDS < 200

Qs/Qt = <5%

ECC Equations (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions