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AP Physics > Equations > Flashcards

Equations Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
0
Q

No vf

A

(Delta)x=vo^2+.5at^2

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1
Q

No (delta)x

A

A=(vf-vo)/t

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2
Q

No t

A

Vf^2=vo^2+2a(delta)x

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3
Q

No a

A

(Delta)x=(vf-vo)t/2

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4
Q

No vo

A

(Delta)x=vf^2-.5at^2

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5
Q

Newton’s first law

A

An object will remain in its current state of motion (at rest or moving) unless acted upon by a nonzero external force.

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6
Q

Inertia

A

An objects resistance to change in motion. Directly proportional to the objects mass.

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7
Q

Newton’s second law

A

A={f/m

The direction of the acceleration is the direction of the net force acting on the object.

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8
Q

Newton’s third law

A

Every object that applies a force will have an equal and opposite force applied to it.

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9
Q

Sum if the forces in one dimension

A

{f=f(net)=ma

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10
Q

Radial acceleration

A

Ac=v^2/r

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11
Q

Period and frequency

A

F=1/t

T=1/f

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12
Q

Force of friction

A

Ffriction=uFn

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13
Q

Universal law of gravitation

A

Fg=(Gm1m2)/r^2

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14
Q

Potential energy from gravitation

A

Ug=(Gm1m2)/r

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15
Q

Work

A

W=Fdcos(theta)

Work is only done if the distance traveled is parallel to the force acting on an object.

Area under the f vs distance graph

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16
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Ke=.5mv^2

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17
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

Gpe=mgh

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18
Q

Elastic force

A

Fs=k(delta)x

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19
Q

Work-energy principle

A

Ei+-w=Ef

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20
Q

Power

A

P=(delta)(energy)/time

P=work/time

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21
Q

Power

A

P=fvcos(theta)

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22
Q

Momentum

A

p=mv

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23
Q

Impulse

A

J=F(delta)(time)

Area under the force vs time graph

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24
Q

Elastic potential energy

A

Us=.5kx^2

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25
Q

Elastic collision

A

Momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.

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26
Q

Inelastic collision

A

Momentum is conserved.

Kinetic energy is not conserved.

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27
Q

Perfectly Inelastic collision

A

Momentum is conserved.

Collide and stick.

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28
Q

Truths of statics

A

{fx=0
{fy=0
{tp=0

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29
Q

Torque

A

t=frsin(theta)

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30
Q

Velocity at any position in simple harmonic motion

A

V=+-Vo(1-(x^2)/(A^2))^.5

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31
Q

Period of simple harmonic motion

A

Tshm=2pi(m/k)^.5

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32
Q

Tension force in a simple pendulum

A

Ftsp=mgcos(theta)

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33
Q

Restoring force of a simple pendulum

A

Restoring force=mgsin(theta)

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34
Q

Period of a pendulum

A

Tp=2pi(L/g)^.5

Based on the small angle assumption (theta<15 degrees)

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35
Q

Electric force

A

Fe=(Kcq1q2)/r^2

Fe=E(q of the charge being affected by the field)

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36
Q

Electric field

A

E=(Kc(q of charge that creates the field))/r^2

E=Fe/(q of charge being affected be the electric field)

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37
Q

Electric field lines

A

Electric field lines travel from positive charges to negative charges.

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38
Q

In an enclosed spherical conductor:

A
  1. Electric field equals zero within the conductor.
  2. Electric potential is constant within the sphere, and it equals kq/r, where r is the radius of the sphere, and q is the charge of the conductor.
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39
Q

Nature of electric charge

A

Charge is quantized: the amount of charge a particle contains equals the product of a positive integer and ec=1.60E-19

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40
Q

Electric potential energy

A

Ue=qV=(Kcq1q2)/r

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41
Q

Electric Potential

A

V=u/q=(Kcq)/r

V=Kc((q1/r1)+(q2/r2)+(q3/r3)+…)

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42
Q

Electric potential and electric potential energy when electric field is constant

A

(Delta)PE=Edq

(Delta)V=Ed

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43
Q

When point charges are infinitely far apart…

A

Ue and V are zero.

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44
Q

Capacitance (charge)

A

Q=CV

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45
Q

Capacitance

A

C=EoA/d

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46
Q

Potential energy of a capacitor

A

Uc=.5QV=.5CV^2

47
Q

Current

A

I=(Delta)(charge)/(Delta)(time)

48
Q

Ohms law

A

V=IR

49
Q

Resistance

A

R=pl/A

50
Q

Electrical power

A

P=IV

P=I^2R

P=V^2/R

51
Q

RMS and Max Current and Voltage

A

Imax=(2)^.5(Irms)

Vmax=(2)^.5(Vrms)

52
Q

Resistance in series circuits

A

Rs=R1+R2+R3+…

53
Q

Resistance in parallel circuits

A

1/Rp=(1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/R3)+…

54
Q

Capacitance in series circuits

A

1/Cs=(1/C1)+(1/C2)+(1/C3)+…

55
Q

Capacitance in parallel circuits

A

Cp=C1+C2+C3+…

56
Q

Properties of series circuits

A

Current is constant

Voltage and resistance are different

57
Q

Properties of parallel circuits

A

Voltage is constant

Current and resistance are different

58
Q

Properties of capacitors in series

A

Charge is constant

Voltage and resistance are different

59
Q

Properties of capacitors in parallel

A

Voltage is constant

Charge and resistance are different

No current flows through a capacitor

60
Q

Emf and internal resistance

A

Emf: voltage battery outputs chemically

Internal resistance: resistance within the battery

Terminal voltage: voltage that the battery outputs after the voltage has been acted upon by its internal resistance

61
Q

Magnetic field direction

A

Magnetic field flows from north to south

62
Q

Right hand rule #1

A

Thumbs=current

Fingers (curl)=magnetic field

63
Q

Right hand rule #2

A

Thumbs=current

Index finger=magnetic field

Palm=magnetic force

64
Q

Magnetic force

A

Fb=ILBsin(theta)

Fb=qvBsin(theta)

Theta is the angle between I and B

65
Q

Behavior of magnetic field

A

In a constant magnetic field, with velocity of a moving charge perpendicular to the magnetic field, the charge moves in a circle, with magnetic force as the radial force.

66
Q

Magnetic field in a straight wire

A

B=(UoI)/(2pir)

67
Q

Force between two wires

A

Fw/l=(I1I2Uo)/(2piL)

68
Q

Direction of force between two parallel wires

A

If current in both wires flow in same direction, forces will point inward and wires move toward each other.

If current in both wires flow in different directions, forces will point outward and wires move away from one another.

69
Q

Magnetic flux

A

Flux=BAcos(theta)

Theta is angle between the magnetic field and the line normal to the face of the coil.

70
Q

Faradays law of induction

A

Emf=-N((Delta)flux)/(Delta)time)

N=number of loops of wire

71
Q

Lenzs law

A

An induced emf always gives rise to a current whose magnetic field opposes the original change in flux in the enclosed region

72
Q

Work pulling a wire out of a magnetic field

A

W=IBhL

73
Q

Power pulling a wire out of a magnetic field

A

P=IBhL/t

74
Q

Emf of a moving conductor

A

Emf=Blv

75
Q

Reflection off of a plane mirror

A

(Theta)i=(theta)r

76
Q

Focal point

A

F=r/2

77
Q

Concave mirror with object outside the radius of curvature

A

Image is smaller, inverted, and real.

78
Q

Concave mirror with object within the radius but outside the focal point

A

Image is larger, inverted, and real.

79
Q

Concave mirror with object within the focal point

A

Image is larger, upright, and virtual

80
Q

Convex mirrors

A

Image is always smaller, upright, and virtual

81
Q

Mirror equation

A

(1/si)+(1/so)=(1/f)

82
Q

Magnification equation

A

M=hi/ho=-si/so

Negative M yields an inverted and real image

Positive M yields an upright and virtual image

83
Q

Index of refraction

A

n=c/v

C=speed of light=3.00E8

84
Q

Snells law

A

n1sin(theta1)=n2sin(theta2)

If n1thetar)

If n1>n2, then the light refracts away from the normal (thetai<thetar)

85
Q

Critical angle

A

Sin(critical angle)=n2/n1

Sin(critical angle)=1/n

When thetai>critical angle, then law of reflection applies

86
Q

Relationship between index of refraction and wavelength

A

Shorter wavelengths can bend more

Longer wavelengths bend less

87
Q

Converging lenses

A

Cause all parallel rays to pass through the lens and refract toward the focal point

88
Q

Converging lens with object outside the radius of curvature

A

Image is smaller, inverted, and real

89
Q

Converging lens with object within the radius but outside the focal point

A

Image is larger, inverted, and real

90
Q

Converging lens with object within the focal point

A

Image is larger, upright, and virtual

91
Q

Diverging lens

A

Cause all parallel rays to pass through the lens and refract away from the focal point

Image is always larger, upright, and virtual

92
Q

Ray tracing

A
  1. Ray drawn from top of object parallel to the principle axis. Reflect ray off the mirror back through the focal point.
  2. Ray drawn from top of object through focal point. Reflect ray off the mirror back parallel to the principle axis.
  3. Straight line drawn from the top of the object through the center point
93
Q

Velocity of a traveling wave

A

V=lambdaf

94
Q

Frequency

A

Number of wavelengths occur in 1 sec

95
Q

Period

A

Number of seconds it takes to complete one cycle

96
Q

Transverse waves

A

Particles move in a direction perpendicular to the wave propagation

97
Q

Longitudinal waves

A

Particles move in a direction parallel to the wave propagation

98
Q

Law of superposition

A

The combination of two or more physical states, such as waves, to form a new state.

99
Q

Constructive interference

A

When the total displacement of two or more waves in superposition is greater than the displacement of any individual wave.

Height equals the sum if the positive heights of the waves at a certain point

100
Q

Destructive interference

A

When the total displacement of two or more waves in superposition is less than the displacement of any individual wave.

Height equals the sum if the negative heights of the waves at a certain point

101
Q

Frequency of a standing wave

A

Fn=nV/2L

102
Q

Frequency of a standing wave in an open tube

A

Fn=nV/2L

103
Q

Frequency of a standing wave in an closed tube

A

Fn=nV/4L for n=1,3,5,7,…(odd positive integers)

104
Q

Beat frequency

A

Fbeat=f2-f1 (where f2>f1)

105
Q

Wave intensity

A

I=power/area (of a sphere)

I=(Energy/time)/4pir^2

106
Q

Relationship between wave energy and wave amplitude

A

E=.5kA^2

E directly proportional to A^2

107
Q

Relationships between wave intensity and wave amplitude with wave radius

A

I directly proportional to 1/r^2

A directly proportional to 1/r

108
Q

Doppler effect

A

When a wave source moves closer to an observer, the wave frequency increases

When a wave source moves away from an observer, the wave frequency decreases

109
Q

Constructive interference from two stationary wave sources

A

Distance y is a multiple of lambda

Remember the triangle!!

110
Q

Destructive interference from two stationary wave sources

A

Distance y is a multiple of (lambda plus .5lambda)

Remember the triangle!!

111
Q

Wave nature of light

A

When a wave hits the edge of an obstacle or passes through a slit, it will diffract in all directions

112
Q

Properties of the refraction of light

A

Frequency is unchanged

Velocity changes: v=c/n

Wavelength changes: lambda n=lambda/n

113
Q

Double slit interference

A

Xm=m(lambda)L/d

For constructive interference, m is an integer value (1,2,3,4,…)

For destructive interference, use m+.5, where m is an integer value

114
Q

Single slit interference

A

Sin(theta)=m(lambda)/D

Integer values of n produce destructive interference

AP Physics (1 decks)

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